Languages of Ethiopia
Languages of Ethiopia | |
---|---|
Official languages | Amharic[1] |
Main languages | Oromo (33.8%), Amharic (29.3%) |
Main foreign languages | English |
Sign languages | several local sign languages |
The languages of Ethiopia refers to the various spoken forms of communication in Ethiopia. It includes the nation's official languages, as well as its minority and foreign languages.
Overview
There are 88 individual languages of Ethiopia according to Ethnologue,[3] with the 1994 Ethiopian census indicating that some 77 tongues were spoken locally. Most of these languages belong to the Afroasiatic family (Semitic and Cushitic languages; Omotic languages are also spoken, though their classification is uncertain). Additionally, Nilo-Saharan languages are spoken by the nation's minority Nilotic peoples.
Of the languages spoken in Ethiopia, 86 are living and 2 are extinct. 41 of the living languages are institutional, 14 are developing, 18 are vigorous, 8 are in danger of extinction, and 5 are near extinction.[3]
Charles A. Ferguson proposed the Ethiopian language area, characterized by shared grammatical and phonological features in 1976. This sprachbund includes the Afroasiatic languages of Ethiopia, not the Nilo-Saharan languages. In 2000, Mauro Tosco questioned the validity of Ferguson's original proposal. There is still no agreement among scholars on this point, but Tosco has at least weakened Ferguson's original claim.
English is the most widely spoken foreign language and is the medium of instruction in secondary schools and universities. Amharic was the language of primary school instruction but has been replaced in many areas by local languages such as Oromo and Tigrinya.
After the fall of the Derg in 1991, the 1995 Constitution of Ethiopia granted all ethnic groups the right to develop their languages and to establish first language primary education systems. This is a marked change to the language policies of previous governments in Ethiopia.
In terms of writing systems, Ethiopia's principal orthography is the Ge'ez script. Employed as an abugida for several of the country's languages, it first came into usage in the sixth and fifth centuries BC as an abjad to transcribe the Semitic Ge'ez language.[4] Ge'ez now serves as the liturgical language of the Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Churches. Other writing systems have also been used over the years by different Ethiopian communities. These include Arabic script for writing some Ethiopian languages spoken by Muslim populations[5][6] and Sheikh Bakri Sapalo's script for Oromo.[7] Today, many Cushitic, Omotic, and Nilo-Saharan languages are written in Roman/Latin script.
Languages
According to the 2007 Ethiopian census, the largest first languages are: Oromo language 24,929,268 speakers or 33.8% of the total population;[8] Amharic 21,631,370 or 29.33%[8] (official language[9]); Somali 4,609,274 or 6.25%;[8] Tigrinya 4,324,476 or 5.86%;[8] Sidamo 2,981,471 or 4.84%;[8] Wolaytta 1,627,784 or 2.21%;[8] Gurage 1,481,783 or 2.01%;[8] and Afar 1,281,278 or 1.74%.[8] Widely spoken foreign languages include English (major foreign language taught in schools[9]), Arabic and Italian.
Afroasiatic
- Ethiopian Semitic
- North
- Tigrinya language (also in Eritrea)
- Ge'ez language (extinct, liturgical)
- South
- Transverse
- Outersouth
- North Gurage languages
- Gafat language (extinct)
- Goggot language
- Soddo language
- West Gurage languages
- Chaha (Sebat Bet Gurage)
- Ezha language
- Gumer language
- Gura language
- Gyeto language
- Inor language
- Indegen language
- Mesmes language (extinct)
- Mesqan language
- Muher language
- North Gurage languages
- North
- Cushitic
- Agaw languages
- Awngi language, incl. dialect Kunfal
- Qimant language
- Xamtanga language
- East Cushitic
- Highland East Cushitic languages
- Burji language
- Sidaama-Hadiyya-Kambaata
- Lowland East Cushitic languages
- Saho-Afar
- Afar language (also in Eritrea and in Djibouti)
- Saho language (also in Eritrea and in Ethiopia spoken by the Irob people)
- Southern Lowland East Cushitic
- Mainstream Lowland East Cushitic
- Omo-Tana
- Arbore language
- Baiso language
- Daasanach language (also in Kenya)
- Somali language (also in Somalia)
- Oromoid
- Konso language
- Dirasha language
- Oromo language (also in Kenya)
- Omo-Tana
- Transversal Lowland East Cushitic
- Mainstream Lowland East Cushitic
- Saho-Afar
- Highland East Cushitic languages
- Agaw languages
- Omotic* (AA classification uncertain)
- Aari language
- Anfillo language
- Bambassi language
- Basketo language
- Bench language
- Boro language, also called Shinasha
- Chara language
- Dawro language
- Dime language
- Dizi language
- Dorze language
- Gamo language
- Ganza language
- Gayil language
- Gofa language
- Hamer-Banna
- Hozo language
- Kachama-Ganjule language
- Kafa language
- Karo language
- Koorete language
- Male language
- Melo language
- Nayi language
- Oyda language
- Seze language
- Shekkacho language
- Sheko language
- Wolaytta language
- Yemsa language
- Zayse-Zergulla language
Nilo-Saharan
In Ethiopia, the term "Nilotic" is often used to refer to Nilo-Saharan languages and their communities. However, in academic linguistics, "Nilotic" is only part of "Nilo-Saharan", a segment of the larger Nilo-Saharan family.
- Anuak language (also in Sudan)
- Berta language
- Gumuz language
- Kacipo-Balesi language (also in Sudan)
- Komo language
- Kwama language
- Kwegu language
- Majang language
- Me'en language
- Murle language (also in Sudan)
- Mursi language
- Nuer language (also in Sudan)
- Nyangatom language
- Opuuo language
- Shabo language
- Suri language
- Uduk language (also in Sudan)
Unclassified
- Weyto language (extinct — could have been Cushitic or Semitic)
- Ongota (moribund — possibly Omotic or an independent branch of Afroasiatic or not Afroasiatic at all)
- Rer Bare language (extinct — maybe Bantu)
Endangered languages
A number of Ethiopian languages are endangered: they may not be spoken in one or two generations and may become extinct, victims of language death, as Weyto, Gafat, and Mesmes have and Ongota very soon will. The factors that contribute to language death are complex, so it is not easy to estimate which or how many languages are most vulnerable. Hudson wrote, "Assuming that a language with fewer than 10,000 speakers is endangered, or likely to become extinct within a generation", there are 22 endangered languages in Ethiopia (1999:96). However, a number of Ethiopian languages never have had populations even that high, so it is not clear that this is an appropriate way to calculate the number of endangered languages in Ethiopia. The real number may be lower or higher. The new language policies after the 1991 revolution have strengthened the use of a number of languages. Publications specifically about endangered languages in Ethiopia include: Appleyard (1998), Hayward (1988), Zelealem (1998a,b, 2004)
References
- ↑ "Ethiopian Constitution". Article 5 Ethiopian constitution. APAP. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
- ↑ "Africa :: ETHIOPIA". CIA The World Factbook.
- 1 2 Ethnologue page on Ethiopian languages
- ↑ Rodolfo Fattovich, "Akkälä Guzay" in Uhlig, Siegbert, ed. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz KG, 2003, p. 169.
- ↑ (Alula Pankurst|Pankhurst, Alula]]. "Indigenising Islam in Wällo: ajäm, Amharic verse written in Arabic script." Proceedings of the Xlth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa 1991. 1994.
- ↑ Andreas Wetter on Arabic script for writing Amharic
- ↑ Hayward and Hassan, "The Oromo Orthography of Shaykh Bakri Saṗalō", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 44 (1981), p. 551
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Statistical Tables for the 2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Country Level". Central Statistical Agency. 2007. pp. 91–92. Retrieved 2011-08-12.
- 1 2 "Ethiopia". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Further reading
- Appleyard, David. 1998. Language Death: The Case of Qwarenya (Ethiopia). In Endangered Languages in Africa, edited by Matthias Brenzinger. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
- Ferguson, Charles. 1976. The Ethiopian Language Area. Language In Ethiopia, ed. by M. Lionel Bender, J. Donald Bowen, R.L. Cooper, Charles A. Ferguson, pp. 63–76. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Hayward, Richard J. 1998. The Endangered Languages of Ethiopia: What’s at Stake for the Linguist? In Endangered Languages in Africa, edited by Matthias Brenzinger, 17–38. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
- Hudson, Grover. 1999. Linguistic Analysis of the 1994 Ethiopian Census. Northeast African Studies Vol. 6, No. 3 (New Series), pp. 89–108.
- Hudson, Grover. 2004. Languages of Ethiopia and Languages of the 1994 Ethiopian Census. Aethiopica: International Journal of Ethiopian and Eritrean Studies 7: 160–172.
- Leslau, Wolf. 1965. An annotated bibliography of the Semitic languages of Ethiopia. The Hague: Mouton.
- Tosco, Mauro. 2000. Is There an ‘Ethiopian Language Area’? Anthropological Linguistics 42,3: 329–365.
- Unseth, Peter. 1990. Linguistic bibliography of the Non-Semitic languages of Ethiopia. East Lansing: African Studies Center, Michigan State University. (Classification charts, pp. 21 ff.)
- Zelealem Leyew. 1998a. An Ethiopian Language on the Verge of Extinction. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 134: 69–84.
- Zelealem Leyew. 1998b. Some Structural Signs of Obsolescence in K’emant. In Endangered Languages in Africa. Edited by Matthias Brenzinger. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
- Zelealem Leyew. 2004. The fate of endangered languages in Ethiopia. On the margins of nations : endangered languages and linguistic rights. proceedings of the eighth FEL Conference, Eds. Joan A. Argenter & Robert McKenna Brown, 35–45. Bath: Foundation for Endangered Languages.
External links
- Ethnologue page on Ethiopian languages
- PanAfriL10n page on Ethiopia
- Bibliographic database of Ethiopian languages by SIL Ethiopia
- Endangered languages of Ethiopia at Endangered Languages Project