SLC1A2

SLC1A2
Identifiers
Aliases SLC1A2, EAAT2, GLT-1, HBGT, solute carrier family 1 member 2
External IDs MGI: 101931 HomoloGene: 3075 GeneCards: SLC1A2
Genetically Related Diseases
essential tremor[1]
Targeted by Drug
DL-TBOA, WAY-213613[2]
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species Human Mouse
Entrez

6506

20511

Ensembl

ENSG00000110436

ENSMUSG00000005089

UniProt

P43004

P43006

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001195728
NM_001252652
NM_004171

NM_001077514
NM_001077515
NM_011393

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001182657.1
NP_001239581.1
NP_004162.2

NP_001070982.1
NP_001070983.1
NP_035523.1

Location (UCSC) Chr 11: 35.25 – 35.42 Mb Chr 2: 102.66 – 102.79 Mb
PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Excitatory amino-acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) also known as solute carrier family 1 member 2 (SLC1A2) and Glutamate Transporter 1 (GLT-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC1A2 gene.[5][6] Alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but their full-length nature is not known.[6]

Function

SLC1A2 / EAAT2 is a member of a family of the solute carrier family of proteins. The membrane-bound protein is the principal transporter that clears the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate from the extracellular space at synapses in the central nervous system. Glutamate clearance is necessary for proper synaptic activation and to prevent neuronal damage from excessive activation of glutamate receptors.[6] EAAT2 is responsible for over 90% of glutamate reuptake within the brain.[7]

Clinical significance

Mutations in and decreased expression of this protein are associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).[6] The drug riluzole approved for the treatment of ALS upregulates EAAT2.[8]

Ceftriaxone, an antibiotic, has been shown to induce/enhance the expression of EAAT2, resulting in reduced glutamate activity.[9] Ceftriaxone has been shown to reduce the development and expression of tolerance to opiates and other drugs of abuse. EAAT2 may possess an important role in modulating drug addiction and tolerance.[10]

Upregulation of EAAT2(GLT-1) causes impairment of prepulse inhibition, a sensory gating deficit present in schizophrenics and schizophrenia animal models.[11][12] Some antipsychotics have been shown to reduce the expression of EAAT2.[13][14]

Interactions

SLC1A2 has been shown to interact with JUB.[15]

As a drug target

EAAT2/GLT-1, being the most abundant subtype of glutamate transporter in the CNS, plays a key role in regulation of glutamate neurotransmission. Dysfunction of EAAT2 has been correlated with various pathologies such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease, among others. Therefore, activators of the function or enhancers of the expression of EAAT2/GLT-1 could serve as a potential therapy for these conditions. Translational activators of EAAT2/GLT-1, such as ceftriaxone and LDN/OSU-0212320, have been described to have significant protective effects in animal models of ALS and epilepsy. In addition, pharmacological activators of the activity of EAAT2/GLT-1 have been explored for decades and are currently emerging as promising tools for neuroprotection, having potential advantages over expression activators.[16]

DL-TBOA, WAY-213613, and dihydrokainic acid are known inhibitors of the protein, and function as excitotoxins. They can be considered a novel class of nerve agent toxins, inducing toxic levels of glutamate through transport inhibition in a manner analogous to the effect of sarin on acetylcholine transporters. Antidotes for such a poisoning have never been formally tested for efficacy and are not readily available for medical use.[17]

Addiction to any/every drug of abuse tested so far has been correlated with an enduring reduction in the expression of GLT1 (EAAT2) in the nucleus accumbens and is implicated in the drug-seeking behavior expressed nearly universally across all documented addiction syndromes. This long-term dysregulation of glutamate transmission is associated with an increase in vulnerability to both relapse-events after re-exposure to drug-use triggers as well as an overall increase in the likelihood of developing addiction to other reinforcing drugs. Drugs which help to re-stabilize the glutamate system such as N-acetylcysteine have been proposed for the treatment of addiction to cocaine, nicotine, and alcohol.[18]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Diseases that are genetically associated with SLC1A2 view/edit references on wikidata".
  2. ↑ "Drugs that physically interact with Excitatory amino acid transporter 2 view/edit references on wikidata".
  3. ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:".
  4. ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:".
  5. ↑ Pines G, Danbolt NC, Bjørås M, Zhang Y, Bendahan A, Eide L, Koepsell H, Storm-Mathisen J, Seeberg E, Kanner BI (Dec 1992). "Cloning and expression of a rat brain L-glutamate transporter". Nature. 360 (6403): 464–7. doi:10.1038/360464a0. PMID 1448170.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Entrez Gene: SLC1A2 solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2".
  7. ↑ Holmseth S; Scott HA; Real K; Lehre KP; Leergaard TB; Bjaalie JG; Danbolt NC (2009). "The concentrations and distributions of three C-terminal variants of the GLT1 (EAAT2; slc1a2) glutamate transporter protein in rat brain tissue suggest differential regulation". Neuroscience. 162 (4): 1055–71. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.03.048. PMID 19328838. Since then, a family of five high-affinity glutamate transporters has been characterized that is responsible for the precise regulation of glutamate levels at both synaptic and extrasynaptic sites, although the glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) is responsible for more than 90% of glutamate uptake in the brain.3 The importance of GLT1 is further highlighted by the large number of neuropsychiatric disorders associated with glutamate-induced neurotoxicity.

    Clarification of nomenclature
    The major glial glutamate transporter is referred to as GLT1 in the rodent literature and excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) in the human literature.
  8. ↑ Carbone M, Duty S, Rattray M (2012). "Riluzole elevates GLT-1 activity and levels in striatal astrocytes". Neurochem. Int. 60 (1): 31–8. doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2011.10.017. PMC 3430367Freely accessible. PMID 22080156.
  9. ↑ Lee SG, Su ZZ, Emdad L, Gupta P, Sarkar D, Borjabad A, Volsky DJ, Fisher PB (May 2008). "Mechanism of ceftriaxone induction of excitatory amino acid transporter-2 expression and glutamate uptake in primary human astrocytes". J. Biol. Chem. 283 (19): 13116–23. doi:10.1074/jbc.M707697200. PMC 2442320Freely accessible. PMID 18326497.
  10. ↑ Reissner KJ, Kalivas PW (2010). "Using glutamate homeostasis as a target for treating addictive disorders". Behav Pharmacol. 21 (5-6): 514–22. doi:10.1097/FBP.0b013e32833d41b2. PMC 2932669Freely accessible. PMID 20634691.
  11. ↑ Bellesi M, Melone M, Gubbini A, Battistacci S, Conti F (2009). "GLT-1 upregulation impairs prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in adult rats". Glia. 57 (7): 703–13. doi:10.1002/glia.20798. PMID 18985735.
  12. ↑ Bellesi M, Conti F (2010). "The mGluR2/3 agonist LY379268 blocks the effects of GLT-1 upregulation on prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in adult rats". Neuropsychopharmacology. 35 (6): 1253–60. doi:10.1038/npp.2009.225. PMC 3055342Freely accessible. PMID 20072121.
  13. ↑ Schmitt A, Zink M, Petroianu G, May B, Braus DF, Henn FA (2003). "Decreased gene expression of glial and neuronal glutamate transporters after chronic antipsychotic treatment in rat brain". Neurosci. Lett. 347 (2): 81–4. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(03)00653-0. PMID 12873733.
  14. ↑ Vallejo-Illarramendi A, Torres-Ramos M, Melone M, Conti F, Matute C (2005). "Clozapine reduces GLT-1 expression and glutamate uptake in astrocyte cultures". Glia. 50 (3): 276–9. doi:10.1002/glia.20172. PMID 15739191.
  15. ↑ Marie H, Billups D, Bedford FK, Dumoulin A, Goyal RK, Longmore GD, Moss SJ, Attwell D (February 2002). "The amino terminus of the glial glutamate transporter GLT-1 interacts with the LIM protein Ajuba". Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 19 (2): 152–64. doi:10.1006/mcne.2001.1066. PMID 11860269.
  16. ↑ Fontana AC (June 20, 2015). "Current approaches to enhance glutamate transporter function and expression.". J Neurochem. 134: 982–1007. doi:10.1111/jnc.13200. PMID 26096891.
  17. ↑ KEIKO SHIMAMOTO, BRUNO LEBRUN, YOSHIMI YASUDA-KAMATANI, MASAHIRO SAKAITANI, YASUSHI SHIGERI, NOBORU YUMOTO, and TERUMI NAKAJIMA. "DL-threo-b-Benzyloxyaspartate, A Potent Blocker of Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters" (PDF). Molecular Pharmacology.
  18. ↑ McClure EA, Gipson CD, Malcolm RJ, Kalivas PW, Gray KM (2014). "Potential role of N-acetylcysteine in the management of substance use disorders". CNS Drugs. 28 (2): 95–106. doi:10.1007/s40263-014-0142-x. PMC 4009342Freely accessible. PMID 24442756.

Further reading

  • Wang Z, Trillo-Pazos G, Kim SY, Canki M, Morgello S, Sharer LR, Gelbard HA, Su ZZ, Kang DC, Brooks AI, Fisher PB, Volsky DJ (2004). "Effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 on astrocyte gene expression and function: potential role in neuropathogenesis". J. Neurovirol. 10. 10 Suppl 1: 25–32. doi:10.1080/jnv.10.s1.25.32. PMID 14982736. 
  • Arriza JL, Fairman WA, Wadiche JI, Murdoch GH, Kavanaugh MP, Amara SG (1994). "Functional comparisons of three glutamate transporter subtypes cloned from human motor cortex". J. Neurosci. 14 (9): 5559–69. PMID 7521911. 
  • Manfras BJ, Rudert WA, Trucco M, Boehm BO (1994). "Cloning and characterization of a glutamate transporter cDNA from human brain and pancreas". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1195 (1): 185–8. doi:10.1016/0005-2736(94)90026-4. PMID 7522567. 
  • Li X, Francke U (1995). "Assignment of the gene SLC1A2 coding for the human glutamate transporter EAAT2 to human chromosome 11 bands p13-p12". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 71 (3): 212–3. doi:10.1159/000134111. PMID 7587378. 
  • Shashidharan P, Wittenberg I, Plaitakis A (1994). "Molecular cloning of human brain glutamate/aspartate transporter II". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1191 (2): 393–6. doi:10.1016/0005-2736(94)90192-9. PMID 8172925. 
  • Andersson B, Wentland MA, Ricafrente JY, Liu W, Gibbs RA (1996). "A "double adaptor" method for improved shotgun library construction". Anal. Biochem. 236 (1): 107–13. doi:10.1006/abio.1996.0138. PMID 8619474. 
  • Yu W, Andersson B, Worley KC, Muzny DM, Ding Y, Liu W, Ricafrente JY, Wentland MA, Lennon G, Gibbs RA (1997). "Large-scale concatenation cDNA sequencing". Genome Res. 7 (4): 353–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7.4.353. PMC 139146Freely accessible. PMID 9110174. 
  • Milton ID, Banner SJ, Ince PG, Piggott NH, Fray AE, Thatcher N, Horne CH, Shaw PJ (1997). "Expression of the glial glutamate transporter EAAT2 in the human CNS: an immunohistochemical study". Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 52 (1): 17–31. doi:10.1016/S0169-328X(97)00233-7. PMID 9450673. 
  • Shimamoto K, Lebrun B, Yasuda-Kamatani Y, Sakaitani M, Shigeri Y, Yumoto N, Nakajima T (1998). "DL-threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartate, a potent blocker of excitatory amino acid transporters". Mol. Pharmacol. 53 (2): 195–201. PMID 9463476. 
  • Lin CL, Bristol LA, Jin L, Dykes-Hoberg M, Crawford T, Clawson L, Rothstein JD (1998). "Aberrant RNA processing in a neurodegenerative disease: the cause for absent EAAT2, a glutamate transporter, in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Neuron. 20 (3): 589–602. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80997-6. PMID 9539131. 
  • Aoki M, Lin CL, Rothstein JD, Geller BA, Hosler BA, Munsat TL, Horvitz HR, Brown RH (1998). "Mutations in the glutamate transporter EAAT2 gene do not cause abnormal EAAT2 transcripts in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Ann. Neurol. 43 (5): 645–53. doi:10.1002/ana.410430514. PMID 9585360. 
  • Trotti D, Aoki M, Pasinelli P, Berger UV, Danbolt NC, Brown RH, Hediger MA (2001). "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-linked glutamate transporter mutant has impaired glutamate clearance capacity". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (1): 576–82. doi:10.1074/jbc.M003779200. PMID 11031254. 
  • Münch C, Schwalenstöcker B, Hermann C, Cirovic S, Stamm S, Ludolph A, Meyer T (2000). "Differential RNA cleavage and polyadenylation of the glutamate transporter EAAT2 in the human brain". Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 80 (2): 244–51. doi:10.1016/S0169-328X(00)00139-X. PMID 11038258. 
  • Honig LS, Chambliss DD, Bigio EH, Carroll SL, Elliott JL (2000). "Glutamate transporter EAAT2 splice variants occur not only in ALS, but also in AD and controls". Neurology. 55 (8): 1082–8. doi:10.1212/wnl.55.8.1082. PMID 11071482. 
  • Flowers JM, Powell JF, Leigh PN, Andersen P, Shaw CE (2001). "Intron 7 retention and exon 9 skipping EAAT2 mRNA variants are not associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Ann. Neurol. 49 (5): 643–9. doi:10.1002/ana.1029. PMID 11357955. 
  • Rimaniol AC, Mialocq P, Clayette P, Dormont D, Gras G (2001). "Role of glutamate transporters in the regulation of glutathione levels in human macrophages". Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. 281 (6): C1964–70. PMID 11698255. 
  • Tozaki H, Kanno T, Nomura T, Kondoh T, Kodama N, Saito N, Aihara H, Nagata T, Matsumoto S, Ohta K, Nagai K, Yajima Y, Nishizaki T (2001). "Role of glial glutamate transporters in the facilitatory action of FK960 on hippocampal neurotransmission". Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 97 (1): 7–12. doi:10.1016/S0169-328X(01)00304-7. PMID 11744157. 
  • Palmada M, Kinne-Saffran E, Centelles JJ, Kinne RK (2002). "Benzodiazepines differently modulate EAAT1/GLAST and EAAT2/GLT1 glutamate transporters expressed in CHO cells". Neurochem. Int. 40 (4): 321–6. doi:10.1016/S0197-0186(01)00087-0. PMID 11792462. 
  • Marie H, Billups D, Bedford FK, Dumoulin A, Goyal RK, Longmore GD, Moss SJ, Attwell D (2002). "The amino terminus of the glial glutamate transporter GLT-1 interacts with the LIM protein Ajuba". Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 19 (2): 152–64. doi:10.1006/mcne.2001.1066. PMID 11860269. 
  • Reye P, Sullivan R, Fletcher EL, Pow DV (2002). "Distribution of two splice variants of the glutamate transporter GLT1 in the retinas of humans, monkeys, rabbits, rats, cats, and chickens". J. Comp. Neurol. 445 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1002/cne.10095. PMID 11891650. 

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