Greyfriars, London

Blue plaque marking the site of the London Greyfriars

In London, the Greyfriars was a Conventual Franciscan friary that existed from 1225 to 1538 on a site at the North-West of the City of London by Newgate in the parish of St Nicholas in the Shambles. It was the second Franciscan religious house to be founded in the country.[1] The establishment included a conventual church that was one of the largest in London; a studium or regional university; and an extensive library of logical and theological texts. It was an important intellectual centre in the early fourteenth century, rivaled only by Oxford University in status. Members of the community at that time included William of Ockham, Walter Chatton and Adam Wodeham. It flourished in the fourteenth and fifteenth century, but was dissolved in 1538 at the instigation of Henry VIII as part of the dissolution of the monasteries. Christ's Hospital was founded in the old conventual buildings, and the church was rebuilt completely by Christopher Wren as Christ Church after the original church was almost completely destroyed in the Great Fire of London. The building currently standing on the site, designed by Arup, is currently occupied by Merrill Lynch International.

It was named after the friars' practice of wearing grey habits.

History

View of the Greyfriars as imagined by H.W. Brewer in 1895

The Franciscan Order first arrived in England in September 1224, on the Tuesday after The Nativity of the Blessed Virgin. They settled in London in the summer of 1225, after John Iwyn, a wealthy businessman, bought a plot of land for them in the parish of St. Nicholas in the Shambles (butchers' quarter).[2] The land was just inside the city wall, which at that time was next to open country.[3] Three years later, Joce Fitz Piers gave the Grey Friars his property in Stinking Lane.[4] In 1229 King Henry III gave the Conventual Franciscans of London oak to build their house. By 1243 there were eighty friars in residence, and by 1258 they had extended the site on the North and West side. The original church was built with money provided by William Joynier, (mayor of London in 1239), who built the chapel and also gave two hundred pounds towards the cost of other buildings. Historian Charles Lethbridge Kingsford, who published the London Greyfriars' register and wrote a history of the site in the same volume, concludes from the sums of money spent on building work in this period that friary would have been "of a modest kind".[4]

Further work began on the church towards the end of the 13th century. Henry le Walleis (d. 1302), another mayor of London, is supposed to have built the nave, and given timber for the altars. In 1301–1302 Queen Margaret (Marguerite of France (born 1282), second wife of King Edward I) spent 60 marks on land in the parish of St. Nicholas for the Grey Friars. The Choir was built on this site. She funded the construction of the church, spending 2,000 marks on the work before her death in 1318, at which point it was still unfinished. Queen Isabella, wife of Edward III (r. 1327–1377), was responsible for completing the work, spending around £700.[4]

It had at least 11 altars. It became a favourite burial place for those of high rank and status. Margaret was buried there, as was Isabella, widow of Edward II; the heart of Eleanor of Provence, wife of Henry III, was buried there as well.

Built in the gothic style it was completed in 1348, and was the second-largest in medieval London, measuring 300 feet (91 m) long by 89 feet (27 m) across.[5] The monastery was dissolved in 1538 by Thomas Chapman, an agent of Thomas Cromwell. On 12 November the house signed a deed of surrender, probably composed by Chapman. The Friars were made to confess that "the perfeccion of Christian liuyng dothe not conciste in...weryng of a grey cootte, disgeasing our selffe aftyr straunge fassions, dokynge, nodyngs and bekynge, in gurdyng our selffes wythe a gurdle full of knots, and other like Papisticall ceremonyes"[6]

After the Surrender some of the houses on the site were converted for private use, and the church was closed, and used as a store-house for treasure looted from the French. In 1547, the king gave the church, the buildings called "le Fratrye," "le Librarye," "le Dorter," and "le Chapterhouse," and the ground called "le Great Cloyster," and "le Little Cloyster" to the City of London. The church, which had suffered damage and looting,[7] now called Christ Church was to be church of a new parish formed by joining St. Nicholas and St. Ewen. It was re-opened on 30 January 1547.[8] It was destroyed by the Great Fire of London in 1666.

Christ's Hospital (Blue Coat School) was founded for orphans in some of the old friary buildings in 1553 by Edward VI.

Burials

Buildings

Plan of the Greyfriars in early 16th century

Notes

  1. ↑ "Christs Hospital", Pastscape, English Heritage, retrieved 14 December 2010
  2. ↑ Page pp502–507
  3. ↑ Kingsford 1915, p. 15.
  4. 1 2 3 Kingsford 1915, pp. 27-52.
  5. ↑ Bradley & Pevsner 1998, p. 53.
  6. ↑ "Appendix - The letter of submission". British History Online. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
  7. ↑ "The Visitors Guide to the City of London Churches" Tucker,T: London, Friends of the City Churches, 2006 ISBN 0-9553945-0-3
  8. ↑ Kingsford 1915, pp. 15-27.

References

Further reading

External links

Coordinates: 51°30′58″N 0°05′59″W / 51.5162°N 0.0996°W / 51.5162; -0.0996

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