Hyperelastic material

Continuum mechanics
Laws Conservations Energy Mass Momentum Inequalities Clausius–Duhem (entropy)
Solid mechanics Stress Deformation Compatibility Finite strain Infinitesimal strain Elasticity (linear) Plasticity Bending Hooke's law Material failure theory Fracture mechanics Contact mechanics (frictional)
Fluid mechanics Fluids Statics · Dynamics Archimedes' principle · Bernoulli's principle Navier–Stokes equations Poiseuille equation · Pascal's law Viscosity (Newtonian · non-Newtonian) Buoyancy · Mixing · Pressure Liquids Surface tension Capillary action Gases Atmosphere Boyle's law Charles's law Gay-Lussac's law Combined gas law Plasma
Rheology Viscoelasticity Rheometry Rheometer Smart fluids Magnetorheological Electrorheological Ferrofluids
Scientists Bernoulli Boyle Cauchy Charles Euler Gay-Lussac Hooke Pascal Newton Navier Stokes

Stress-strain curves for various hyperelastic material models.

A hyperelastic or Green elastic material^[1] is a type of constitutive model for ideally elastic material for which the stress-strain relationship derives from a strain energy density function. The hyperelastic material is a special case of a Cauchy elastic material.

For many materials, linear elastic models do not accurately describe the observed material behaviour. The most common example of this kind of material is rubber, whose stress-strain relationship can be defined as non-linearly elastic, isotropic, incompressible and generally independent of strain rate. Hyperelasticity provides a means of modeling the stress-strain behavior of such materials.^[2] The behavior of unfilled, vulcanized elastomers often conforms closely to the hyperelastic ideal. Filled elastomers and biological tissues are also often modeled via the hyperelastic idealization.

Ronald Rivlin and Melvin Mooney developed the first hyperelastic models, the Neo-Hookean and Mooney–Rivlin solids. Many other hyperelastic models have since been developed. Other widely used hyperelastic material models include the Ogden model and the Arruda–Boyce model.

Hyperelastic material models

Saint Venant–Kirchhoff model

The simplest hyperelastic material model is the Saint Venant–Kirchhoff model which is just an extension of the linear elastic material model to the nonlinear regime. This model has the form

where is the second Piola–Kirchhoff stress and is the Lagrangian Green strain, and are the Lamé constants, and is the second order unit tensor.

The strain-energy density function for the St. Venant–Kirchhoff model is

and the second Piola–Kirchhoff stress can be derived from the relation

Classification of hyperelastic material models

Hyperelastic material models can be classified as:

1) phenomenological descriptions of observed behavior

• Fung
• Mooney–Rivlin
• Ogden
• Polynomial
• Saint Venant–Kirchhoff
• Yeoh
• Marlow

2) mechanistic models deriving from arguments about underlying structure of the material

• Arruda–Boyce model
• Neo-Hookean

3) hybrids of phenomenological and mechanistic models

• Gent
• Van der Waals

Generally, a hyperelastic model should satisfy the Drucker stability criterion. Some hyperelastic models satisfy the Valanis-Landel hypothesis which states that the strain energy function can be separated into the sum of separate functions of the principal stretches :

Stress-strain relations

Compressible hyperelastic materials

First Piola–Kirchhoff stress

If is the strain energy density function, the 1st Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensor can be calculated for a hyperelastic material as

where is the deformation gradient. In terms of the Lagrangian Green strain ()

In terms of the right Cauchy–Green deformation tensor ()

Second Piola–Kirchhoff stress

If is the second Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensor then

In terms of the Lagrangian Green strain

In terms of the right Cauchy–Green deformation tensor

The above relation is also known as the Doyle-Ericksen formula in the material configuration.

Cauchy stress

Similarly, the Cauchy stress is given by

In terms of the Lagrangian Green strain

In terms of the right Cauchy–Green deformation tensor

The above expressions are valid even for anisotropic media (in which case, the potential function is understood to depend implicitly on reference directional quantities such as initial fiber orientations). In the special case of isotropy, the Cauchy stress can be expressed in terms of the left Cauchy-Green deformation tensor as follows:^[3]

Incompressible hyperelastic materials

For an incompressible material . The incompressibility constraint is therefore . To ensure incompressibility of a hyperelastic material, the strain-energy function can be written in form:

where the hydrostatic pressure functions as a Lagrangian multiplier to enforce the incompressibility constraint. The 1st Piola–Kirchhoff stress now becomes

This stress tensor can subsequently be converted into any of the other conventional stress tensors, such as the Cauchy Stress tensor which is given by

Expressions for the Cauchy stress

Compressible isotropic hyperelastic materials

For isotropic hyperelastic materials, the Cauchy stress can be expressed in terms of the invariants of the left Cauchy–Green deformation tensor (or right Cauchy–Green deformation tensor). If the strain energy density function is , then

(See the page on the left Cauchy–Green deformation tensor for the definitions of these symbols).

Proof 1:

The second Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensor for a hyperelastic material is given by where is the right Cauchy–Green deformation tensor and is the deformation gradient. The Cauchy stress is given by where . Let be the three principal invariants of . Then The derivatives of the invariants of the symmetric tensor are Therefore, we can write Plugging into the expression for the Cauchy stress gives Using the left Cauchy–Green deformation tensor and noting that , we can write For an incompressible material and hence .Then Therefore, the Cauchy stress is given by where is an undetermined pressure which acts as a Lagrange multiplier to enforce the incompressibility constraint. If, in addition, , we have and hence In that case the Cauchy stress can be expressed as

Proof 2:

The isochoric deformation gradient is defined as , resulting in the isochoric deformation gradient having a determinant of 1, in other words it is volume stretch free. Using this one can subsequently define the isochoric left Cauchy–Green deformation tensor tensor . The invariants of are The set of invariants which are used to define the distortional behavior are the first two invariants of the isochoric left Cauchy–Green deformation tensor tensor, (which are identical to the ones for the right Cauchy Green stretch tensor), and add into the fray to describe the volumetric behaviour. To express the Cauchy stress in terms of the invariants recall that The chain rule of differentiation gives us Recall that the Cauchy stress is given by In terms of the invariants we have Plugging in the expressions for the derivatives of in terms of , we have or, In terms of the deviatoric part of , we can write For an incompressible material and hence .Then the Cauchy stress is given by where is an undetermined pressure-like Lagrange multiplier term. In addition, if , we have and hence the Cauchy stress can be expressed as

Proof 3:

To express the Cauchy stress in terms of the stretches recall that The chain rule gives The Cauchy stress is given by Plugging in the expression for the derivative of leads to Using the spectral decomposition of we have Also note that Therefore, the expression for the Cauchy stress can be written as For an incompressible material and hence . Following Ogden[1] p. 485, we may write Some care is to required at this stage because, when an eigenvalue is repeated, it is in general only Gâteaux differentiable, but not Fréchet differentiable.[4][5] A rigorous tensor derivative can only be found by solving another eigenvalue problem. If we express the stress in terms of differences between components, If in addition to incompressibility we have then a possible solution to the problem requires and we can write the stress differences as

Incompressible isotropic hyperelastic materials

For incompressible isotropic hyperelastic materials, the strain energy density function is . The Cauchy stress is then given by

where is an undetermined pressure. In terms of stress differences

If in addition , then

If , then

Consistency with linear elasticity

Consistency with linear elasticity is often used to determine some of the parameters of hyperelastic material models. These consistency conditions can be found by comparing Hooke's law with linearized hyperelasticity at small strains.

Consistency conditions for isotropic hyperelastic models

For isotropic hyperelastic materials to be consistent with isotropic linear elasticity, the stress-strain relation should have the following form in the infinitesimal strain limit:

where are the Lame constants. The strain energy density function that corresponds to the above relation is^[1]

For an incompressible material and we have

For any strain energy density function to reduce to the above forms for small strains the following conditions have to be met^[1]

If the material is incompressible, then the above conditions may be expressed in the following form.

These conditions can be used to find relations between the parameters of a given hyperelastic model and shear and bulk moduli.

Consistency conditions for incompressible based rubber materials

Many elastomers are modeled adequately by a strain energy density function that depends only on . For such materials we have . The consistency conditions for incompressible materials for may then be expressed as

The second consistency condition above can be derived by noting that

The can then be substituted into the consistency condition for isotropic incompressible hyperelastic materials.

References

1. 1 2 3 4 R.W. Ogden, 1984, Non-Linear Elastic Deformations, ISBN 0-486-69648-0, Dover.
2. ↑ Muhr, A. H. (2005). Modeling the stress-strain behavior of rubber. Rubber chemistry and technology, 78(3), 391-425.
3. ↑ Y. Basar, 2000, Nonlinear continuum mechanics of solids, Springer, p. 157.
4. ↑ Fox & Kapoor, Rates of change of eigenvalues and eigenvectors, AIAA Journal, 6 (12) 2426–2429 (1968)
5. ↑ Friswell MI. The derivatives of repeated eigenvalues and their associated eigenvectors. Journal of Vibration and Acoustics (ASME) 1996; 118:390–397.

See also

• Cauchy elastic material
• Continuum mechanics
• Deformation (mechanics)
• Finite strain theory
• Rubber elasticity
• Stress measures
• Stress (mechanics)