Italian general election, 2001

Italian general election, 2001

13 May 2001

All 630 seats in the Italian Chamber of Deputies 315 seats in the Italian Senate Turnout 81.4%   First party Second party Third party   Leader Silvio Berlusconi Francesco Rutelli Fausto Bertinotti Party Forza Italia The Daisy Communist Refoundation Party Alliance House of Freedoms The Olive Tree Leader's seat Milan Centre Rome Praenestine Turin Centre Last election 305 C & 143 S, 43.2% 300 C & 157 S, 45.4% 35 C & 10 S, 8.6% Seats won 368 C / 176 S 241 C / 128 S 11 C / 4 S Seat change 96 C / 33 S 82 C / 29 S 30 C / 6 S Popular vote 16,915,513 16,209,944 1,868,659 Percentage 45.4% 43.5% 5.0% Swing 2.2% 1.9% 3.6%

Legislative election results map. Azure denotes provinces with a Forza Italia plurality, Red denotes those with a Democrats of the Left plurality, Green denotes those with a Daisy plurality, Gray denotes those with a Regionalist plurality.

Prime Minister before election Giuliano Amato The Olive Tree Elected Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi House of Freedoms

A national general election was held in Italy on 13 May 2001 to elect members of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate of the Republic. The 14th Parliament of the Italian republic was chosen.

The election was won by the centre-right coalition House of Freedoms led by Silvio Berlusconi, defeating Francesco Rutelli, former Mayor of Rome, and Prime Ministerial candidate of the centre-left coalition The Olive Tree, and rising back to power after Berlusconi's first victory, in the 1994 general election.

Electoral system

The intricate electoral system, called scorporo, provided 75% of the seats on the Chamber of Deputies (the Lower House) as elected by first-past-the-post system, whereas the remaining 25% was assigned on a proportional way with a minimum threshold of 4%.

The method used for the Senate was even more complicated: 75% of seats by uninominal method, and 25% by a special proportional method that actually assigned the remaining seats to minority parties. Formally these were examples of additional member systems.

General election

Campaign

For this election Berlusconi again ran as leader of the centre-right coalition the House of Freedoms (Italian: La Casa delle Libertà), which included the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats, the Lega Nord, the National Alliance and other parties.

On the television interviews programme Porta a Porta, during the last days of the electoral campaign, Berlusconi created a powerful impression on the public by undertaking to sign a so-called Contratto con gli Italiani (English: Contract with the Italians), an idea copied outright by his advisor Luigi Crespi from the Newt Gingrich's Contract with America introduced six weeks before the 1994 US Congressional election,^[1] which was widely considered to be a creative masterstroke in his 2001 campaign bid for prime ministership. In this solemn agreement, Berlusconi claimed his commitment on improving several aspects of the Italian economy and life. Firstly, he undertook to simplify the complex tax system by introducing just two tax rates (33% for those earning over 100,000 euros, and 23% for anyone earning less than that figure: anyone earning less than 11,000 euros a year would not be taxed); secondly, he promised to halve the unemployment rate; thirdly, he undertook to finance and develop a massive new public works programme. Fourthly, he promised to raise the minimum monthly pension rate to 516 euros; and fifthly, he would suppress the crime wave by introducing police officers to patrol all local zones and areas in Italy's major cities.^[2] Berlusconi undertook to refrain from putting himself up for re-election in 2006 if he failed to honour at least four of these five promises.

Parties and leaders

Coalitions and electoral list

Main leaders

Coalition		Portrait	Name	Most recent position
	House of Freedoms		Silvio Berlusconi	Prime Minister of Italy (1994–1995) President of Forza Italia (1994–incumbent)
	The Olive Tree		Francesco Rutelli	Mayor of Rome (1993–2001) Leader of the Olive Tree (2000–incumbent)
	Communist Refoundation Party		Fausto Bertinotti	Secretary of the Communist Refoundation Party (1993–incumbent)
	Italy of Values		Antonio Di Pietro	President of Italy of Values (1998–incumbent)
	European Democracy		Sergio D'Antoni	General Secretary of CISL (1991–2000)
	Bonino List		Emma Bonino	European Commissioner for Health and Consumer Protection (1995–1999)

Results

Chamber of Deputies

Proportional

In 2001 the proportional list exhausted before all the deputies - which the winning party was entitled to - were declared elected.^[3]

← Summary of the 13 May 2001 Chamber of Deputies election results →

Party		%	Votes	Seats
	Forza Italia	29.43	10,923,431	62
	Democrats of the Left	16.57	6,151,154	31
	Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy	14.52	5,391,827	27
	National Alliance	12.02	4,463,205	24
	Communist Refoundation Party	5.03	1,868,659	11
	Lega Nord	3.94	1,464,301	0
	Italy of Values	3.89	1,443,725	0
	White Flower (CCD–CDU)	3.22	1,194,040	0
	European Democracy	2.39	888,269	0
	Bonino List	2.24	832,213	0
	The Sunflower (FdV–SDI)	2.17	805,340	0
	Party of Italian Communists	1.67	620,859	0
	New Italian Socialist Party	0.95	353,269	0
	South Tyrolean People's Party	0.54	200,059	0
	Tricolour Flame	0.39	143,963	0
	Veneto Front League	0.20	74,353	0
	Pensioners' Party	0.18	68,349	0
	Sardinian Action Party–Sardinia Nation	0.09	34,412	0
	New Country	0.09	34,193	0
	Abolizione Scorporo	0.07	26,917	0
	Southern Action League	0.06	23,779	0
	National Social Front	0.06	22,985	0
	Greens Greens	0.05	18,262	0
	New Force	0.04	13,622	0
	Amadu List	0.03	11,517	0
	European Republicans	0.02	7,997	0
	We Sicilians	0.02	7,637	0
	Movement of Freedoms	0.02	6,754	0
	Free and Strong	0.02	6,722	0
	Autonomist Socialists	0.02	6,492	0
	Stop!	0.02	6,332	0
	Communism	0.01	5,244	0
	Third Pole for Autonomy	0.01	2,915	0
Total		100.00	37,122,776	155

First-past-the-post

Overall result

Senate of the Republic

← Summary of the 13 May 2001 Chamber of Deputies election results →

Parties and coalitions		%	Votes	Seats
	House of Freedoms	42.53	14,406,519	176
	The Olive Tree	38.70	13,106,860	125
	Communist Refoundation Party	5.04	1,708,707	4
	Italy of Values	3.37	1,140,489	1
	European Democracy	3.15	1,066,908	2
	Bonino List	2.00	677,725	0
	Tricolour Flame	1.00	340,221	0
	League for Autonomy–Lombard Alliance–Pensioners League	0.91	308,559	1
	South Tyrolean People's Party–The Olive Tree	0.52	175,635	3
	Veneto Front League	0.41	138,134	0
	South Tyrolean People's Party	0.37	126,177	2
	Va' pensiero Padania	0.35	119,058	0
	National Social Front	0.29	98,132	0
	European Democracy–Autonomist Socialists	0.23	79,002	0
	Pensioners' Party	0.23	78,572	0
	New Force	0.12	39,545	0
	Greens Greens	0.11	35,743	0
	Sardinian Action Party–Sardinia Nation	0.10	32,822	0
	Aosta Valley coalition	0.10	32,429	0
	Others	0.46	160,025	0
Total		100.00	33,871,262	315

Overall result

Leaders' races

References

1. ↑ Gingrich, Newt; Armey, Dick (1994). Contract With America: The Bold Plan. 
2. ↑ Ricolfi, Luca (2005). Dossier Italia: a che punto è il 'contratto con gli italiani. Il mulino. 
3. ↑ Buonomo, Giampiero (2001). "Cercansi candidati per 14 seggi. La speranza della (lista) civetta". Diritto&Giustizia edizione online.   – via Questia (subscription required)

External links

• Repubblica.it: About 2001 Election (in Italian)
• Corriere della Sera: About 2001 Election (in Italian)
• CNN.com: About 2001 Election
• Minister of Internal Affairs of Italy: 2001 Election Results, Chamber of Deputies (in Italian)
• Minister of Internal Affairs of Italy: 2001 Election Results, Senate of the Republic (in Italian)

Elections and referendums in Italy
General elections	1861 1865 1867 1870 1874 1876 1880 1882 1886 1890 1892 1895 1897 1900 1904 1909 1913 1919 1921 1924 1929 1934 1946 1948 1953 1958 1963 1968 1972 1976 1979 1983 1987 1992 1994 1996 2001 2006 2008 2013 next
European elections	1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014
Regional elections	1947 1949 1951 1953 1954 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 1974 1975 1976 1978 1979 1980 1981 1983 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Local elections	1946 1951 1956 1960 1964 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Referendums	1946 1974 1978 1981 1985 1987 1989 1990 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2000 2001 2003 2005 2006 2009 2011 2016 (Apr) 2016 (Dec)
See also: Elections in Abruzzo Aosta Valley Apulia Basilicata Calabria Campania Emilia-Romagna Friuli-Venezia Giulia Lazio Liguria Lombardy Marche Molise Piedmont Sardinia Sicily Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Tuscany Umbria Veneto