Kesher Israel (Washington, D.C.)

Kesher Israel
Location 2801 N Street, NW
Washington, D.C.
Coordinates 38°54′24.71″N 77°3′25.39″W / 38.9068639°N 77.0570528°W / 38.9068639; -77.0570528Coordinates: 38°54′24.71″N 77°3′25.39″W / 38.9068639°N 77.0570528°W / 38.9068639; -77.0570528
Area Georgetown Historic District
Built 1931
Architect Julius Wenig[1]
Architectural style Spanish Colonial Revival Style
Website kesher.org
Part of Georgetown Historic District (#67000025)
Added to NRHP May 28, 1967[2]

Kesher Israel (Hebrew: קשר ישראל, "Kinship of Israel," also known as the Georgetown Synagogue[3]) is an Orthodox synagogue located in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C.. The congregation is over 100 years old and its worshipers have included prominent politicians, diplomats, jurists, journalists, and authors. One of them, novelist Herman Wouk, called it “the best little shul in America”[4] and "a haven of true Yiddishkeit at the center of the finest neighborhood in Washington."[5]

History

In 1910, six local Jewish merchants organized the Georgetown Hebrew Benevolent Society, which began to conduct religious services above a storefront on M Street, NW.[3] A year later, this kernel, now numbering 50 families, founded Kesher Israel Congregation,[6] which thus became the seventh synagogue organized in the nation's capital.[7] In 1915, the congregation acquired, renovated, and began to meet in a premises at 2801 N Street, NW. The current synagogue building, which was constructed in 1931 on that site[6][8] with a construction budget of $28,000,[9] is a contributing property to the Georgetown Historic District, a National Historic Landmark, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[8]

The synagogue also administers two congregational cemeteries, one in Anacostia[10] and the other in Capitol Heights, Maryland.[11]

Kesher Israel's first building, in use between 1915 and 1931

Kesher Israel is the last of the city's original pre-war Orthodox synagogues located in walking distance of downtown Washington. Beginning in the 1950s, as the local Jewish community grew exponentially, all the others relocated uptown or to suburban Montgomery County, Maryland.[12] This demographic trend, coupled with the passing of the founding generation, reduced Kesher Israel's membership in the 1960s to the point where it was difficult to ensure daily minyanim. The synagogue, however, experienced a renaissance beginning in the late 1970s,[13] spurred by young urban professionals who were moving to Georgetown and nearby neighborhoods, including the West End, Foggy Bottom, Dupont Circle, Burleith, and even those further afield like Adams-Morgan, Kalorama and Rosslyn, across Key Bridge in Arlington County, Virginia.[14] Its current membership now stands at approximately 250 families and singles.[15] Kesher Israel also attracts many students enrolled at nearby Georgetown University and George Washington University.[16]

Following the signing of the Camp David Accords in September 1978, members of the Israeli delegation to the subsequent Blair House negotiations, including Foreign Minister Moshe Dayan and Defense Minister Ezer Weizman, attended Kol Nidre services at the synagogue.[17]

Kesher Israel attracted national media attention during the 2000 U.S. presidential election when a member, Senator Joseph Lieberman, was selected as the Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States.[18][19] When the Senate scheduled important votes on Shabbat, Lieberman walked nearly 3 miles (5 km) from the synagogue to the United States Capitol, a trek he made over 25 times during his Senate career.[20]

Rabbinic leadership

Early years

Rabbi Jacob Aizer Dubrow (left) and Rabbi George Silverstone (center), photographed together with Rabbi Joshua Klaven (right) of Talmud Torah Congregation in Southwest Washington, ca. 1935

After it was founded the Georgetown Hebrew Benevolent Association hired Elias Stolar as "minister and Hebrew teacher" and "recognized religious leader." Born in Russia in about 1881, he was referred to as "reverend," a widely used title at the time for synagogue functionaries who were not ordained rabbis.[21]

The synagogue's first spiritual leader was the Polish-born, British-trained Rabbi George (Gedaliah) Silverstone, who concurrently served Ohev Sholom Congregation (then located at 5th and I Streets, NW).[3] He remained with both congregations until he announced his intention to make aliyah to the Land of Israel in 1923.[12] While he made several return trips back to Washington after that, Rabbi Silverstone died in Jerusalem in 1944 and was buried on the Mount of Olives.

Rabbi Silverstone was a vice president of the Union of Orthodox Rabbis, a director of the Hebrew Sanitarium of Denver and the Hebrew Home for the Aged of Washington and a member of B'nai B'rith. He also founded the first Talmud Torah in Washington and many of his sermons refer to the poor state of Jewish education. An active Zionist, he attended the Sixth Zionist Congress in 1903 as a delegate from Belfast before he emigrated to the United States.

From 1925 to 1949

The first rabbi named to lead Kesher Israel on an exclusive basis was Rabbi Jacob Aizer Dubrow, a Chabad hassid, who was appointed in 1925 and remained with the synagogue until his death in 1944 at the age of 64. Born in Žlobin in what is today Belarus, he was one of the original students of the fifth Lubavitcher rebbe, Sholom Dovber Schneersohn, at the Tomchei Temimim yeshiva in Lyubavichi, where he studied for seven years.[22] After receiving semikhah, Rabbi Dubrow became the melamed of the son of the Skverer rebbe before becoming a rosh yeshiva in a town near Kiev. He then served as a rabbi and posek in a number of Ukrainian shtetlekh before leaving for Baltimore in 1924.

Rabbi Dubrow's main focus was education. He instituted daily Talmud classes, both at the synagogue and at the Hebrew Home for the Aged, and an afternoon Talmud Torah for the synagogue's children, hiring Rabbi Oscar Summer as their teacher. He was also one of four Washington rabbis who initiated the establishment of the city's first Jewish day school, the Hebrew Academy of Greater Washington (now known as the Melvin J. Berman Hebrew Academy). Rabbi Dubrow also organized a congregational hevra kadishah. He is remembered in Chabad for being instrumental in facilitating the wartime evacuation of the sixth Lubavitcher rebbe, Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn, from German-occupied Warsaw in 1940 by interceding, together with several rabbinic colleagues, with President Franklin D. Roosevelt and a number of senators.[23]

Rabbi Dubrow's first wife died after their arrival in the United States. He was survived by his second wife, five daughters and his only son, who had remained in the Soviet Union and would fall in battle as a soldier in the Red Army near the close of the war. Another married daughter had predeceased him. During his funeral at Kesher Israel parts of Pennsylvania Avenue, two blocks away, had to be closed off in order to accommodate the crowds that came to pay their last respects. Rabbi Dubrow bequeathed in his will that his personal library of religious books was to be auctioned off after his death and the money raised be donated to help support the poor of Jerusalem. Mention of this final act of charity was etched into his gravestone. He was buried in Kesher Israel's Capitol Heights cemetery.[23]

Rabbi Dubrow was succeeded by Rabbi I. Meckler (1945-1946) and Rabbi Sidney Shulman (1946-1949).[12]

From 1950 to 1984

Rabbi Philip L. Rabinowitz was appointed rabbi of Kesher Israel in 1950.[12] Born Jeruchom Fiszel Arje Rabinowicz in Łomża, Poland in 1920, he left home at the age of 18, with World War II looming on the horizon, to study at an American yeshiva, the Hebrew Theological College in Chicago, Illinois, where he would receive semikhah. An older brother emigrated to the Land of Israel in 1933 but his other relatives, including his parents, were murdered in the Holocaust.

At Kesher Israel Rabbi Rabinowitz focused on three objectives: to study and teach Torah, sustain the daily minyanim and watch over the welfare of his community. His home was always open to anyone in need, even strangers, and he helped assure that the community was spiritually enriched.[5] He was instrumental in founding the Washington Beit Din (rabbinical court) and the Vaad HaKashrut, Greater Washington's kosher food supervisory body.[3]

On the evening of February 28, 1984, Rabbi Rabinowitz, a 63-year-old widower who lived alone,[24] was murdered in his West End home by an unknown assailant shortly after returning from Maariv.[25] His bludgeoned body was found the next morning on the floor of his small study by four congregants whose concern was raised by his atypical absence from that morning's incomplete Shaharit minyan (had he attended, he would have been the tenth). It is presumed that the rabbi knew his murderer because he was always careful to peek out the window pane in order to check the identity of whoever rang his doorbell before opening the door. Moreover, while the door was closed and unlocked, there was no evidence of forced entry or robbery.[26]

Rabbi Rabinowitz's tombstone at the Eretz HaHayyim Cemetery near Beit Shemesh, Israel

The case was never solved and remains open to this day.[27]

An estimated one-thousand mourners attended Rabbi Rabinowitz's funeral held on the morning of March 1 at the synagogue, including the Israeli ambassador, Dr. Meir Rosenne, who delivered one of the eulogies.[26] He was buried in Israel one day later next to his wife, who died unexpectedly from natural causes in 1979. He was survived by a son, a daughter, several grandchildren, and his brother.

An eruv encompassing Georgetown, adjacent neighborhoods and all of downtown Washington was established by the congregation in 1990 and named in Rabbi Rabinowitz's memory.[6][28] The Hebrew Academy, where he taught from 1958 to 1979, named its Kollel Beit Midrash in memory of the rabbi and annually presents its Rabbi Philip Rabinowitz Memorial Award for Excellence in Limudei Kodesh to outstanding students.[29]

Rabbi Rabinowitz was succeeded by Rabbi Rod Glogower (1985-1988).[30]

From 1989 to 2014

See also: Barry Freundel

Rabbi Dr. Barry Freundel was named to the pulpit of Kesher Israel in 1989. He would soon develop a reputation as "a brilliant scholar,"[31] a "profound" orator[32] and an authority in several areas of halakha, including eruvim, which he assisted in constructing in a number of cities, including Washington.[33]

In early October 2014 the lay leadership of Kesher Israel and the National Capital Mikvah, an independent facility located in an adjacent synagogue building that Freundel had been instrumental in founding in 2005, delivered to the police a suspicious clock radio[34] that was placed in the mikvah shower room, disappeared and suddenly appeared again."Upon receiving information regarding potentially inappropriate activity, the board of directors quickly alerted the appropriate officials," the synagogue and mikvah boards wrote in a joint statement. "Throughout the investigation, we cooperated fully with law enforcement and will continue to do so."[35]

On October 14, Freundel was arrested for recording women showering using the clock radio, which was equipped with a hidden video camera.[36] He was suspended without pay upon his arrest[37] and then fired.[38] The synagogue board immediately directed its attention to the victims of his actions by arranging a support group led by a licensed psychologist and consultations with therapists,[39] as well as organizing a closed community meeting with Cathy L. Lanier, Washington's chief of police.[40]

On December 2, a student at Georgetown University Law Center, where Freundel taught a seminar on Jewish law,[41] filed a lawsuit against Kesher Israel, as well as Georgetown University and the National Capital Mikvah. The unnamed student, who had written a term paper on the mikvah, seeks class action status and claims that the defendants turned a blind eye and failed in their responsibility to protect students from the rabbi, whose behavior she claims, was becoming ever more bizarre and who was mistreating women subjected to his authority.[42] On December 18, a student at Towson University, where Freundel also taught, added her name to the lawsuit, claiming that Freundel encouraged her to take a "practice dunk" in the mikvah as part of her studies, even though she was not Jewish and had no interest in converting.[43] She was joined by another woman who had been converting to Judaism under Freundel's auspices and who had likewise been encouraged by Freundel to take a "practice dunk." They added the Rabbinical Council of America as a defendant as well.[44]

The synagogue board responded with this statement: “Kesher Israel’s leadership is deeply concerned about the harm caused by Rabbi Freundel’s actions — of which we did not and could not have known — and for the personal welfare of all those individuals who may have been violated. The lawsuits that were recently filed are completely without merit. Our energies remain focused on working towards healing our community and building a vibrant future for Kesher Israel.”[45]

Freundel ultimately pleaded guilty to 52 counts of voyeurism[46] and was sentenced to six-and-a-half years in prison and fined $13,000.[47]

From 2015

In July 2015 the congregation hired Rabbi Dr. Avidan Milevsky as its part-time interim spiritual leader.[48] Milevsky, an associate professor of psychology at Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, is the author of five books and previously served as interim rabbi of Ner Tamid Greenspring Valley Congregation in Baltimore.[49]

Notable past and present members

References

  1. ↑ "Julius Wenig, Architect". Goethe-Institut. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
  2. ↑ National Park Service (2009-03-13). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Olitzky, Kerry M. (1996). The American Synagogue: A Historical Dictionary and Sourcebook. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 91–93. ISBN 0-313-28856-9.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Guttman, Nathan (October 24, 2014). "How a Stunned Synagogue Faces Up to Sins of Rabbi Barry Freundel". The Forward. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
  5. 1 2 "30 Years: Rabbi Philip Rabinowitz, a Commemoration and Remembrance" (PDF). March 2, 2014. Retrieved December 30, 2014.
  6. 1 2 3 Goldberg, Jeremy. "Through the Lens - Jeremy Goldberg's Washington". Retrieved October 26, 2014.
  7. ↑ Garfinkle, Martin. The Jewish Community of Washington, D.C. Arcadia Publishing. p. 13. ISBN 0-7385-4156-7.
  8. 1 2 "District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites" (PDF). Government of the District of Columbia. September 2004. Retrieved April 20, 2009.
  9. ↑ "Building Permits". The Washington Post. December 21, 1930. p. R1.
  10. ↑ "International Jewish Cemetery Project". Retrieved December 28, 2014.
  11. ↑ "Washington Area Jewish Cemeteries". Retrieved December 28, 2014.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Tigay, Alan. The Jewish Traveler: Hadassah Magazine's Guide to Jewish Communities and Sights. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 565. ISBN 1568210787.
  13. ↑ "Kurzman, Steve". Citizens Association of Georgetown. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
  14. ↑ Young, Gayle (April 6, 2005). "House-Hunting, Religiously". The Washington Post. p. F1. Retrieved December 29, 2014.
  15. ↑ Heilman, Uriel (January 9, 2016). "A year on, DC shul's mikvah trauma slowly heals". The Times of Israel. Retrieved January 11, 2016.
  16. ↑ "Shabbat Announcement Page, May 31, 2014" (PDF). Retrieved November 2, 2014.
  17. ↑ Lau-Lavie, Naphtali. Baalam's Prophecy: Eyewitness to History, 1939-1989. Cornwall Books. pp. 401–402. ISBN 978-1592643684.
  18. 1 2 Broadway, Bill (August 12, 2000). "Candidate's Synagogue in The Spotlight. Congregation Was Booming Before Lieberman Got the Nod. So Now What?". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 20, 2009.
  19. 1 2 Goodstein, Laurie (August 18, 2000). "Democrats: The Observances. Lieberman Balances Private Faith With Life in the Public Eye". The New York Times. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
  20. 1 2 Bolton, Alexander (December 5, 2009). "Lieberman faces a long, chilly walk to Saturday's healthcare debate". The Hill. Retrieved December 31, 2009.
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  23. 1 2 Litvak, Yehudis. "Rabbi Yaakov Aizer Dubrow: A Pioneer of Chabad in the U.S.". Retrieved January 11, 2015.
  24. ↑ "Rabbi Stabbed, Dies". The Jewish Floridian of South County. March 16, 1984.
  25. ↑ "Washington Rabbi Found Stabbed to Death in His Home". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. March 1, 1984. Retrieved December 15, 2014.
  26. 1 2 3 James, Bruce (March 16, 1984). "A Congregation in Mourning" (PDF). The Baltimore Jewish Times. Retrieved December 15, 2014.
  27. ↑ "Homicide Victim: Phillip Rabinowitz". Retrieved December 15, 2014.
  28. ↑ Nelson, Louis P. (2006). American Sanctuary: Understanding Sacred Spaces. Indiana University Press. p. 67.
  29. ↑ "Graduation remarks–a little belated". Retrieved December 15, 2014.
  30. ↑ "Rabbi Rod Glogower". Retrieved October 27, 2014.
  31. ↑ Boteach, Rabbi Shmuley (October 21, 2014). "Kosher and Non-Kosher Voyeurism". The Huffington Post. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
  32. 1 2 3 4 Brummer, Alex (October 23, 2014). "I was shocked by peeping rabbi arrest". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved January 11, 2015.
  33. ↑ Landau, Lauren (May 25, 2012). "Eruvim Protect Boundaries and Traditions for Local Jews". WAMU. Retrieved January 11, 2015.
  34. ↑ "Forward 50 2015: Barry Freundel". The Jewish Daily Forward. December 21, 2014.
  35. ↑ "D.C. Rabbi Barry Freundel Arrested, Charged With Voyeurism". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. October 15, 2014. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
  36. ↑ Hermann, Peter; Boorstein, Michelle (October 14, 2014). "Barry Freundel, Georgetown rabbi, is arrested on voyeurism charge". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
  37. ↑ Hermann, Peter (October 21, 2014). "Voyeur Case Spurs Rabbis to Add Post for Women". The New York Times. p. A18. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
  38. ↑ Pollak, Suzanne (November 30, 2014). "Kesher Israel fires Rabbi Freundel". Washington Jewish Week. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
  39. ↑ "Community Resources following the arrest of Rabbi Freundel".
  40. ↑ "Jewish Social Services and Chief of Police at Kesher Israel - Event - Kesher Israel".
  41. ↑ Monyak, Suzanne (October 17, 2014). "Georgetown Rabbi Arrested for Voyeurism". The Hoya. Retrieved January 4, 2015.
  42. ↑ Hermann, Peter (December 2, 2014). "Lawsuit filed in Georgetown rabbi case; synagogue severs relations with leader". The Washington Post.
  43. ↑ Reimer, Susan (December 21, 2014). "Towson student joins lawsuit involving rabbi". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved December 28, 2014.
  44. ↑ "2 women add their names to lawsuit involving rabbi". The Washington Post. December 18, 2014. Retrieved December 28, 2014.
  45. ↑ Nathan-Kazis, Josh (December 24, 2014). "Did Rabbi Barry Freundel Treat Mikveh Like 'Car Wash' To Peep on Women? Lawsuits Blame RCA and Synagogue Over Scandal". The Jewish Daily Forward.
  46. ↑ Alexander, Keith L.; Bailey, Sarah Pulliam; Boorstein, Michelle (February 19, 2014). "D.C. rabbi pleads guilty to secretly videotaping women". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
  47. ↑ Alexander, Keith L.; Bailey, Sarah Pulliam (May 15, 2015). "D.C. rabbi sentenced to 6½ years in prison on voyeurism charges". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
  48. ↑ Lipman, Steve. "Rabbis' New Tide: Interim". The New York Jewish Week. October 16, 2015. p. 1, 18–19.
  49. ↑ "Mikveh-peeping rabbi's Washington shul hires interim replacement". Times of Israel. July 24, 2015. Retrieved September 20, 2015.
  50. ↑ Lowenfeld, Jonah (June 8, 2010). "Flotillas, a New Center and Other Questions for Peter Beinart". The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles. Retrieved July 13, 2010.
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  52. ↑ "Reagan Names Marshall Breger As His Special Assistant for Liaison with the Jewish Community". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. December 16, 1983. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
  53. 1 2 Cikins, Warren (2005). In Search of Middle Ground: Memoirs of a Washington Insider. Devora Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1932687460. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
  54. 1 2 3 Daremblum, Jaime (March 1, 1999). "Atisbos místicos". La Nacion. Retrieved October 26, 2014.
  55. 1 2 "Keeping up with Kesher Israel" (PDF). April 17, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
  56. 1 2 3 4 "Next Year in the White House". Jewish Agency for Israel. August 31, 2000. Retrieved October 27, 2014.
  57. ↑ "Diplomat comes full circle". Heritage Florida Jewish News. January 21, 2011. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
  58. 1 2 "Linda Greenhouse Bride of Eugene R. Fidell". The New York Times. January 2, 1981. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
  59. ↑ Herzl, Tova (2014). Madame Ambassador: Behind the Scenes with a Candid Israeli Diplomat. RowmanLittlefield. ISBN 978-1442235373.
  60. 1 2 "@JeffJacoby". April 14, 2010. Retrieved December 23, 2014.
  61. ↑ "Taking Reins at Brandeis at a Tough Time". The New York Jewish Week. July 13, 2010. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
  62. ↑ Hoffman, Allison (April 3, 2013). "A School for D.C.'s Jewish Elite". Baltimore Jewish Life. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
  63. ↑ Sofer, Barbara (February 2014). "Profile: Nathan and Alyza Lewin". Hadassah Magazine. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
  64. ↑ Lieberman, Joe (2012). The Gift of Rest: Rediscovering the Beauty of the Sabbath. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 1451627319.
  65. 1 2 Dizikes, Peter (August 8, 2000). "Lieberman First National Jewish Candidate". ABC News. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  66. 1 2 Tanenhaus, Sam (January 24, 1999). "Wayward Intellectual Finds God". The New York Times. Retrieved April 20, 2009.
  67. 1 2 Lerer, Lisa (September 21, 2007). "Yom Kippur marks D.C. networking bonanza". Politico. Retrieved November 6, 2014.
  68. ↑ Shalev, Chemi (January 27, 2013). "U.S. strategist's formula for Lapid's stunning success: the candidate, the message, and the Internet". Haaretz. Retrieved December 10, 2014.
  69. ↑ Michaelson, Jay (February 20, 2015). "How Could We Have Trusted Rabbi Barry Freundel?". The Jewish Daily Forward. Retrieved February 24, 2015.
  70. ↑ Sheleg, Yair (May 22, 2006). "How can going to the beach on Pesach be more Jewish than going to shul?". Haaretz. Retrieved October 23, 2014.
  71. ↑ "Shabbat Announcement Page" (PDF). August 16, 2014. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
  72. ↑ "List of Kesher Israel Members". Retrieved May 18, 2015.
  73. ↑ Jacoby, Jeff (Autumn 1999). "Prodigal Son". Azure. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
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