List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 321.21

This is a list of instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number, covering those instruments that are classified under 321.21 under that system. These instruments may be known as bowl lyres.

3: Instruments in which sound is produced by one or more vibrating strings (chordophones, string instruments).
32: Instruments in which the resonator and string bearer are physically united and can not be separated without destroying the instrument
321: Instruments in which the strings run in a plane parallel to the sound table (lutes)
321.2: Instruments in which the string is attached to a yoke that consists of a cross-bar and two arms, with the yoke lying in the same plane as the sound-table (lyres or yoke lutes)
321.21: Instruments in which the resonator is bowl-shaped, either carved or natural

These instruments may be classified with a suffix, based on how the strings are caused to vibrate.

List

Instrument Tradition Hornbostel–Sachs classification Description
endongo[1]
 Baganda peoples of Uganda 321.21 Bowl lyre made of lizardskin with strings tied to a piece of wood inserted into two holes on two arms
lyra[2]
 Crete 321.21-71 Three-stringed fretted, pear-shaped instrument with a hollow body and a vaulted back, propped up on the knee
lyre[3][4]
 Greece, Ancient 321.21-5 Stringed instrument, strummed with a plectrum, with the free hand silencing unwanted strings, traditionally made from a tortoise shell
nyatiti[5][6][7]
 Kenya 321.21-5 3-foot-long (0.91 m) harp, plucked with both hands, made of wood and goat or antelope skin

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Wachsmann, Klaus (1964). "The Migration of Musical Instruments: Human Migration and African Harps". Journal of the International Folk Music Council. 16: 84–88. doi:10.2307/835087. JSTOR 835087.
  2. ↑ Dawes, Kevin (October 2003). "Lyres and the body politic: studying musical instruments in the Cretan musical landscape". Popular Music and Society. 26.3 (21): 263. The island's "national" instrument, the lyra has become emblematic of the struggle that many Cretans experience in their attempt to retain a sense of a local identity.
  3. ↑ "Review of Midiaeval Music: An Historical Sketch by Robert Charles Hope" (pdf). Saturday Review of Books and Art. New York Times. December 16, 1899. Retrieved December 21, 2007.
  4. ↑ Roberts, Helen (February 1981). "Reconstructing the Greek Tortoise-Shell Lyre". Archaeology and Musical Instruments. 12 (3): 303–312. doi:10.1080/00438243.1981.9979805. JSTOR 124242.
  5. ↑ Nidel, Richard (2005). World Music: The Basics. Routledge. p. 58. ISBN 0-415-96800-3. Much of Kenya's music is derivative of other Afropop forms, most obviously Congolese, but the singing, high-pitched guitar work, use of the national instrument, the nyatiti (a seven-stringed harp), and bottle percussion give it a unique, identifiable sound.
  6. ↑ Verjee, Zain (August 30, 1999). "Journey through a rhythm nation". Kenya. BBC News. Retrieved February 19, 2008.
  7. ↑ Radano, Ronald Michael; Philip Vilas Bohlman (2000). Music and the Racial Imagination. Houston A Baker, Jr. and Houston A. Baker. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-70199-9.
11. Struck
  • 111. Directly
    • 111.1. Concussion
    • 111.2. Percussion
  • 112. Indirectly
    • 112.1. Shaken/rattle
    • 112.2. Scraped/rasp
12. Plucked
  • 121. Frame
  • 122. Comb
    • 122.1. Lace
    • 122.2. Cut out
13. Friction
14. Blown
  • 141. Stick
  • 142. Plaque
21. Struck
  • 211. Directly
    • 211.1. Bowl
    • 211.2. Tubular
    • 211.3. Frame
  • 212. Shaken
22. Plucked
23. Friction
  • 231. Stick
  • 232. Cord
  • 233. Hand
24. Kazoo
  • 241. Free
  • 242. Tube/vessel
31. Simple
/ zither
  • 311. Bar/stick
  • 312. Tube
    • Whole
    • Half
  • 313. Raft
    • Idiochord
    • Heterochord
  • 314. Board
  • 315. Trough
  • 316. Frame
32.
Composite
41. Free
  • 411. Displacement
  • 412. Interruptive
    • 412.1. Idiophonic/reed
    • 412.2. Non-idiophonic
  • 413. Plosive
42.
Non-free
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