List of musical instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number: 321.21
This is a list of instruments by Hornbostel-Sachs number, covering those instruments that are classified under 321.21 under that system. These instruments may be known as bowl lyres.
- 3: Instruments in which sound is produced by one or more vibrating strings (chordophones, string instruments).
- 32: Instruments in which the resonator and string bearer are physically united and can not be separated without destroying the instrument
- 321: Instruments in which the strings run in a plane parallel to the sound table (lutes)
- 321.2: Instruments in which the string is attached to a yoke that consists of a cross-bar and two arms, with the yoke lying in the same plane as the sound-table (lyres or yoke lutes)
- 321.21: Instruments in which the resonator is bowl-shaped, either carved or natural
These instruments may be classified with a suffix, based on how the strings are caused to vibrate.
- 4: Hammers or beaters
- 5: Bare hands and fingers
- 6: Plectrum
- 7: Bowing
- 71: Using a bow
- 72: Using a wheel
- 73: Using a ribbon
- 8: Keyboard
- 9: Using a mechanical drive
List
Instrument |
Tradition |
Hornbostel–Sachs classification |
Description
|
endongo[1]
|
Baganda peoples of Uganda |
321.21 |
Bowl lyre made of lizardskin with strings tied to a piece of wood inserted into two holes on two arms
|
lyra[2]
|
Crete |
321.21-71 |
Three-stringed fretted, pear-shaped instrument with a hollow body and a vaulted back, propped up on the knee
|
lyre[3][4]
|
Greece, Ancient |
321.21-5 |
Stringed instrument, strummed with a plectrum, with the free hand silencing unwanted strings, traditionally made from a tortoise shell
|
nyatiti[5][6][7]
|
Kenya |
321.21-5 |
3-foot-long (0.91 m) harp, plucked with both hands, made of wood and goat or antelope skin
|
References
- von Hornbostel, Erich M.; Curt Sachs (March 1961). "Classification of Musical Instruments: Translated from the Original German by Anthony Baines and Klaus P. Wachsmann". The Galpin Society Journal. Galpin Society. 14: 3–29. doi:10.2307/842168. JSTOR 842168.
Notes
- ↑ Wachsmann, Klaus (1964). "The Migration of Musical Instruments: Human Migration and African Harps". Journal of the International Folk Music Council. 16: 84–88. doi:10.2307/835087. JSTOR 835087.
- ↑ Dawes, Kevin (October 2003). "Lyres and the body politic: studying musical instruments in the Cretan musical landscape". Popular Music and Society. 26.3 (21): 263.
The island's "national" instrument, the lyra has become emblematic of the struggle that many Cretans experience in their attempt to retain a sense of a local identity.
- ↑ "Review of Midiaeval Music: An Historical Sketch by Robert Charles Hope" (pdf). Saturday Review of Books and Art. New York Times. December 16, 1899. Retrieved December 21, 2007.
- ↑ Roberts, Helen (February 1981). "Reconstructing the Greek Tortoise-Shell Lyre". Archaeology and Musical Instruments. 12 (3): 303–312. doi:10.1080/00438243.1981.9979805. JSTOR 124242.
- ↑ Nidel, Richard (2005). World Music: The Basics. Routledge. p. 58. ISBN 0-415-96800-3.
Much of Kenya's music is derivative of other Afropop forms, most obviously Congolese, but the singing, high-pitched guitar work, use of the national instrument, the nyatiti (a seven-stringed harp), and bottle percussion give it a unique, identifiable sound.
- ↑ Verjee, Zain (August 30, 1999). "Journey through a rhythm nation". Kenya. BBC News. Retrieved February 19, 2008.
- ↑ Radano, Ronald Michael; Philip Vilas Bohlman (2000). Music and the Racial Imagination. Houston A Baker, Jr. and Houston A. Baker. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-70199-9.
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| 11. Struck |
- 111. Directly
- 111.1. Concussion
- 111.2. Percussion
- 112. Indirectly
- 112.1. Shaken/rattle
- 112.2. Scraped/rasp
|
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| 12. Plucked |
- 121. Frame
- 122. Comb
- 122.1. Lace
- 122.2. Cut out
|
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| 13. Friction |
- 131. Stick
- 132. Plaque
- 133. Vessel
|
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| 14. Blown | |
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| 21. Struck |
- 211. Directly
- 211.1. Bowl
- 211.2. Tubular
- 211.3. Frame
- 212. Shaken
|
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| 22. Plucked | |
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| 23. Friction |
- 231. Stick
- 232. Cord
- 233. Hand
|
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| 24. Kazoo |
- 241. Free
- 242. Tube/vessel
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| 31. Simple / zither |
- 311. Bar/stick
- 312. Tube
- 313. Raft
- 314. Board
- 315. Trough
- 316. Frame
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| 32. Composite | |
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| 41. Free |
- 411. Displacement
- 412. Interruptive
- 412.1. Idiophonic/reed
- 412.2. Non-idiophonic
- 413. Plosive
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| 42. Non-free | |
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