Potential London NFL franchise

The London NFL franchise is a potential American football team to be based in London, England. It would be a member of the National Football League (NFL), which currently consists of 32 teams based in the United States. The NFL is aiming to establish a London franchise by around 2021 and has the active support of the highest levels of the UK government. The prospect of a franchise faces several challenges, although the NFL has been testing many possible solutions through the arrangements for the NFL International Series, which has seen regular season NFL games played in London since 2007. It has been suggested that the franchise could be created from scratch as an expansion team, or an existing franchise could relocate. Possible venues include one or more of the current and future International Series stadia, Wembley Stadium, Twickenham Stadium or Tottenham Hotspur FC's new stadium in White Hart Lane, Tottenham. Should the league establish a team in London, it would become the first of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada to establish a franchise outside either of those two countries.

Background

Although American football in the United Kingdom has historically been a niche sport, British interest in the NFL peaked in the 1980s, in which time London hosted some pre-season games; during the 1990s, the city hosted the London Monarchs in the league's developmental Europe League.[1] However, as all NFL Europe franchises outside Germany and the Netherlands, the Monarchs were ultimately relocated due to lack of public interest. Popular interest waned with the growth of soccer's Premier League in the 1990s, although it grew again from 2007 following the establishment of the International Series. It also led to steady increases in actual participation in amateur games.[1]

Target date

Reporting on unnamed sources who attended a 2012 meeting of the NFL's International Committee, CBS stated that while league/owner discussions of a possible London team had previously generally been regarded as a "more a far-off concept than near-term possibility", the mood had now palpably shifted to one of "when, not if", with the NFL planning for a London team within 10 years, earlier than some team owners had anticipated. It was believed that because other issues such as the CBA renegotiation had been resolved, creating a London franchise was now being treated as a focal point of the NFL's desire to expand globally.[2] Speaking in 2015, Mark Waller firmed up this view, explaining "[The NFL] have always said that we felt that we started in 2007 with the [International Series] games and we felt it was a 15 year process so that would give us years ’21, ’22 and that feels sort of right – five or six years."[3] By the start of 2016 he was even more confident, stating "I think we're on track to deliver [a franchise by 2022]. I fundamentally believe we will deliver that".[4] He has also said he would feel he would have personally failed in his role if it does not happen by 2022.[5] Waller is clear however that there is no specific timetable, and it would only happen "when we're ready" and there was real certainty everything needed was in place.[6] In both 2014 and 2015 the Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne confirmed he was in talks with the NFL over the arrangements for setting up a London franchise, and that it could be achieved "in the next few years, maybe four or five years time."[3][7]

Mechanics

An affirmative vote of three-quarters of the owners of the NFL's 32 clubs is required before a new team can be created (known as expansion) or before an existing team is allowed to move to a new market (known as relocation), i.e. 24 or more clubs would have to approve of the decision.[8][9]

According to The Guardian, as of 2015 it was "well-known" that a London franchise was a goal of the NFL commissioner Roger Goodell, although he "he tends to avoid specifics on the process to make that happen".[10] The NFL's Executive Vice President International Mark Waller is more specific, expressing the goal as "to build a fanbase that would be able to support a franchise".[3] According to Atlanta Falcons owner Arthur Blank speaking in 2014, "The approach that the international committee and the commissioner have taken is, "Let's do London right, and then move from there to potentially somewhere else"."[11]

Expansion franchise

In the opinion of former NFL executive Jim Bailey, the NFL would probably prefer to create a London-based franchise through the expansion route, since that would offer them more control over the process.[12] According to CBS however, as of 2012 the club owners were generally satisfied with the league's 32 team model, and would prefer a relocation.[2] According to the Associated Press, the 32 team model is seen as advantageous as it offers "competitively balanced schedules and division alignments".[8] CBS also argued that expansion teams generally struggle "for quite some time", suggesting a relocated team would be the better option from the standpoint of competitiveness.[2]

Speaking in 2012, Commissioner Goodell was cool on the prospect of creating new teams through expansion "in the foreseeable future".[8] It has been speculated that the current (2012) US market was saturated, and so it was unlikely that an expansion team within the US would generate the NFL's desired growth without a fundamental change in their funding model, such as the introduction of pay-per-view TV, which was also seen as unlikely since the league's current broadcasting contracts run to 2022.[8]

Long term, it has been suggested that in order to create substantial growth it seeks, the NFL could create a new division from expansion teams based in Europe and Asia.[8][11]

Shared franchise

According to NFL.com, one possible way to achieve a London franchise in a way that overcomes the various issues facing a London operation, which has been considered by team owners and NFL executives, is the possibility to of a shared franchise, with the team playing four home games in London and four in the US, although this was not considered ideal as it could potentially weaken the appeal given the split fanbase and ultimately not achieve critical mass, in addition it would be unlikely to be attractive to London fans if it were assumed in that scenario that any such team would always play its post-season games in its US base. Speaking in 2015, Waller stated "we've never had real discussions about a shared market".[13]

Relocating a franchise

Jacksonville Jaguars

As the designated home team for the International Series, the Jacksonville Jaguars are often mentioned as the most likely existing NFL team to relocate to London, leaving their current home of EverBank Field in Florida.[2][14] It is often pointed out in support that current Jaguars owner Shahid Khan is himself based in London, and also owns London soccer club Fulham F.C. While Khan admits the move has been a success in terms of improving the finances and profile of what was a small and struggling franchise, he has nonetheless been reluctant to commit to a move, preferring the current arrangement.[15][16]

Franchises with market knowledge

As well as the Jacksonville Jaguars, the fact that some other existing franchises have owners with knowledge of the British market due to also owning United Kingdom based sports teams, such as the Glazer family's ownership of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers based in Tampa, Florida and soccer club Manchester United leads to them being suggested as potential relocation candidates. Up until their move to Los Angeles was announced in January 2016, this also included the St. Louis Rams (now the Los Angeles Rams), owned by soccer club Arsenal F.C.'s majority shareholder, Stan Kroenke.[5]

Franchises with short leases

The fact that the Jacksonville Jaguars, Oakland Raiders and San Diego Chargers have short term leases on their stadia is also often used to support media speculation that these franchises may be the ones to relocate to London. This was also the case for the St. Louis Rams (now the Los Angeles Rams) until their move to Los Angeles in 2016.[5]

Oakland Raiders

It has been suggested that while the Raiders may appear to be the most likely candidates due to their lack of prospects in comparison with teams like the Chargers, their need for a solution may actually be too urgent to be a viable option for London.[17]

Following the Rams move to Los Angeles, a comment by Raiders owner Mark Davis that "The world is a possibility for Raider Nation" was interpreted by some as indicating London was a consideration. Some have argued it is their next best option compared to other US markets, for various reasons, and they may use temporary homes until the move. The name London Raiders may have to be purchased, as it is already in use in ice hockey.[18] Davis's current plan is to keep his team in Oakland in the near term, then move to a stadium set to begin construction in the near future in Las Vegas, Nevada, which would eliminate the Raiders from the pool of London candidates.[19]

Weaker franchises

As happened with the Buffalo Bills in 2014, even franchises with relatively long lease agreements but which are otherwise seen as struggling in their own market, are often named by the media as potential candidates for relocation to London, on the basis that those advocating relocation to a more lucrative market would be offering more money than those proposing to stay put. In the specific case of the Bills, it was however suggested that the NFL would oppose relocation since they were the only NFL team which played in New York state (the New York Jets and New York Giants being located in a shared stadium in New Jersey).[20] Another problem in moving the Bills is that the team has been non-competitive for over a decade; the team has not even reached the playoffs since 1999, a factor in the failure of the Bills' previous international effort, the Bills Toronto Series. The Bills' lease, which is effectively unbreakable in the short-term, has an exit window in 2019 and expires in 2022.

Countering one reason often cited as why the Jaguars would move, their low attendances, it has been argued that there are other franchises such as the Buccaneers with even lower attendances and less potential for growth in their own market in comparison.[21]

Multiple franchises

Given the size of London, it has even been suggested by Atlanta Falcons owner Arthur Blank that there could ultimately be more than one franchise located in London, although not before a team in another European country.[11]

Potential stadiums

Wembley Stadium

Wembley Stadium, England's national soccer stadium, was rebuilt and re-opened in 2007, and was the first venue for International Series games in that same year. It was built with locker rooms which are twice the size usually found in soccer venues, which allows them to accommodate a 53-man NFL roster.[1]

Wembley is expected to remain the exclusive venue until at least the second game of the 2016 programme (23 October). The stadium's owners, the Football Association, are reportedly interested in using Wembley as the base of a London team, but it has been suggested by the Telegraph that they may struggle to accommodate a full programme of NFL games, as well as hosting the England national football team. Another potential issue is the natural grass pitch (following the first International Series game, the pitch was upgraded to a partly artificial Desso surface[1]) - England team manager Roy Hodgson having previously complained about the state of the surface after just two International Series games,[14] claiming one player injured their ankle in 2014 because of the cut-up pitch.[22] The issue of NFL markings still being partly visible during soccer matches has also been criticised in the media.[22]

To test the implications of a full season at Wembley, the NFL scheduled two International Series games over two weekends, followed by an England soccer game, to see how the surface copes.[5] Due to the debt incurred in building it, the BBC commented that maximising the number of other events staged at Wembley is vital to the FA's financial health, believing the benefit of the consistent revenue stream of 8 NFL games a year would not escape their attention. Although mindful of the calendar, according to the stadium's managing director speaking in 2013, "Football [(soccer)] is our priority but yes, I'm absolutely confident that if Roger Goodell wanted to have a franchise here, we could absolutely deliver on it."[23]

One possible method of accommodating the full schedule of an NFL franchise that the FA is investigating (as of 2014), is playing some home England fixtures at other football stadia around the country, something which had not been done since the stadium had been reopened. A 10-year restriction on having to play all home games at Wembley expires in 2017, although Wembley would remain the home of the team.[24] Supporting the idea, the BBC contrasted the low attendances of some England soccer friendlies at Wembley, which reached a record low of 40,181 in 2014, surpassing the previous record of 48,876 in 2011, with the 80,000 crowds for the 2014 three game International Series.[25]

Northumberland Park

On 8 July 2015 it was announced that the NFL had agreed to stage a minimum of two games a season for a ten-year period at soccer club Tottenham Hotspur's new stadium in Northumberland Park, which is due to open in 2018. This was interpreted as boosting the chances of an eventual London franchise.[26][27] As a result of the deal, the stadium is to be specifically designed for both American and English versions of football. It has a retractable natural grass pitch over an artificial surface to be used for NFL (which should allow both soccer and NFL games to be played on the same weekend[27]), and with locker rooms of sufficient size to accommodate the 53-man size of an NFL team roster. Its proposed capacity of 61,000 was described a being more appropriate for the day to day requirements of an NFL franchise than Wembley's 84,000.[10][27] It has been suggested the design will also eliminate the issue at Wembley whereby the lowest 5,000 seats cannot be used because spectator's view of the pitch is obstructed by the various officials, coaches and players who stand on the sidelines during an NFL game.[28] The architect, Populous, has previously designed 14 NFL stadiums.[27]

Twickenham Stadium

On 3 November 2015, the NFL also announced it had reached a deal with the Rugby Football Union to host a minimum of three games in three years at Twickenham Stadium, home of the England national rugby team, beginning from the 2016 International Series. The deal is designed to be flexible, i.e. it could involve two fixtures in one year and none the next.[29] The deal also includes and option to add two more games in the same period.[30]

Multiple stadiums

To resolve some of the issues, it has also been suggested a London franchise may use more than one of the suggested venues as their home stadium.[14]

Issues

A number of issues need to be resolved before a London franchise can be set up; speaking in 2015 Waller stated "We feel very comfortable from a fan perspective, from a sponsor and a stadium perspective now, that we have all of the right things in place. The one thing that we’ve got to do more work on is how would it work from a team operational standpoint?"[6]

Logistics

Speaking after talks with the UK government, Dan Marino argued that probably the biggest challenge facing a London franchise is the physical logistics of moving the staff and equipment across the Atlantic for every away game. To overcome this, he speculated that the NFL might follow the example of other sports like basketball and baseball, where some teams play away games in back to back series of three or four games, allowing the team to stay in the US for this part of their schedule.[3] It has been noted that this approach may be problematic as it requires players to spend multiple weeks at a time away from home (whether home is in the US or London), something they would not have to do in a US based franchise. The NFL's use of a salary cap would also make using financial incentives to overcome this problematic.[31]

Off-season and training camp

As well as the issue of a home stadium facility, the league has also been considering where a London franchise would hold their training camp, which begins in late July and normally involves several players not yet formally signed to the club. Similarly, another issue is whether or not it would have a base in the US for the off-season period, the gap between whenever their season ends until the start of the following training camp, in which the club will normally hold several meetings regarding staff and player contracts.[1]

As of 2014 the NFL had investigated the possibility of a London team establishing a permanent base in conjunction with a Premier League soccer club, but it was considered unlikely for reasons of infrastructure and scheduling.[1]

Fanbase

The NFL has set a target of reaching a total of 6 million "avid fans" in the UK before they will consider a London franchise viable, and surveys the UK annually to assess this figure; an avid fan being defined by the NFL as someone who says they're "extremely interested" in the NFL or that it is their favourite sport. Speaking during the 2015 International Series, Waller stated "We’re currently at four million, we were at about 2.3  million when the International Series started [in 2007]. We’re on track to reach that six million target by 2020."[32] Speaking at the start of 2016, he said "The fan base is big enough and passionate enough that it can support a franchise".[4]

It has been suggested that a significant stumbling block to creating the necessary fanbase is ironically the success of the NFL in promoting itself in the UK in the past. Many fans had been drawn into the NFL when the game was popularised in the 1980s, leading to evidence of support for all of the NFL's 32 teams in UK based fans, many of whom would be unlikely to support a London team as a first resort, i.e. being unlikely to consider them anything other than their favourite second team at best, and a potential rival at worst. As a result, while wishing to retain the support of anyone for a London team on a second favourite basis, the NFL's UK operation has been focussing on growing the fan base by reaching out to younger fans without an established allegiance, and others who are entirely new to the sport.[1][10] The NFL's UK operation has pointed to the success of the 1995 expansion team the Carolina Panthers having grown a fanbase in a previously untapped market to support the idea that a London team could do the same.[1]

In an attempt to gauge support for a London team, from the 2015 season the dates and times of the International Series games were adjusted to make them more closely resemble the home fixtures of a London team, as opposed to casting them as one off special events being timed in a fashion more convenient for a US audience.[10]

As of the 2014 International Series, 9 out of 10 tickets for the games were bought by people who live within three hours' travel of London, with 33,000 people choosing to buy a package ticket for all three games.[5]

The league has been encouraged by the fact that the International Series games were still attracting over 80,000 fans for a game like the Detroit Lions versus the Kansas City Chiefs on 31 October 2015, the teams which had the 24th and 31st best records in the NFL at game time, leading The Telegraph to observe that Middlesbrough vs Brentford would be the equivalent English soccer fixture on the day (based on their positions in the Football League Championship).[33]

Broadcaster

The increasing sums being paid by Sky Sports to broadcast an increasing number of NFL games in the UK is often cited as evidence a London franchise is inevitable, with The Guardian arguing it would be "mutually profitable" for both the NFL and any eventual broadcaster given the domestic rights to the game.[5][10] As of 2014, NFL has increased from being the 18th most watched sport on the Sky during the soccer season (August to May), to the 6th.[1]

League schedule

The NFL and others have also recognised that the current arrangement of giving all teams that play an International Series game the following week off (a bye-week) as being impractical if a London franchise was created, leading to the need to either change the schedule, or persuade teams to play UK and US fixtures in adjacent weeks.[5] The arrangement practised by the University of Hawaii football team, separated from the U.S. mainland by about 3,900 km/2,400 miles, has been suggested as the model to follow for playing blocks of two to three games, home and away.[1]

While still retaining the bye-week, as a test of the logistics, the first game of the 2015 International Series was the first time teams only travelled to London for the weekend, having previously spent a whole week in the UK.[13]

Competitiveness

The NFL is mindful of avoiding the perception that any potential London franchise was being established simply to increase the profile and revenue of the league; any team based in London must be competitive and be able to win the Super Bowl.[5]

The scheduling of the first back-to-back weekend fixtures in the 2015 International Series was also a test of a potential London franchise on competitiveness.[13] One potential issue affecting competition that has been identified (by an NFL team owner) is what happens should a London franchise reach the post-season, which could possibly involve a long trip for a west coast based team to London, and then back to the US for the next weekend.[13] In addition to the travel, it is believed this also presents a challenge in terms of potentially leaving away teams only a week to plan a foreign trip (in contrast to teams knowing the regular season schedule months in advance).[1]

While the International Series fixtures have tested the effect on personal of travelling east from the USA to the UK and the playing a game within a few days, because of the bye-week it has yet to be established what the effect is when travelling the other way. It has been suggested this may be tested by scheduling one team to play back to back weekends in the International Series (as the notional home and away team).[13]

Another issue considered is whether or not a London team would have an unfair competitive advantage compared to US based teams, due to the extra distances away teams would have to travel to play them.[1]

Tax

As of 2013, players appearing in International Series games were subject to UK tax on their income and endorsements on a pro rata basis. If expanded to a full slate of regular season games, it has been suggested that unless the government granted exemptions to attract the NFL, which have been applied to some but not all sports/athletes, then the difference between the UK and US tax codes would be sufficient to dissuade players who are free agents from signing for a London franchise.[12] The talks between the Chancellor and the NFL from 2014 onwards were interpreted by the media as a willingness to offer support in the form of promises of tax exemptions.[7]

Visas

As of 2013, players appearing in International Series games were admitted on temporary working visas, a situation which would not be possible for players working a full home schedule, which would require visas to be issued by a UK government recognised governing body for the sport. Although the British version of the game is administered by the British American Football Association (BAFA), it is not recognised by the UK government for visa purposes. In order to clear these obstacles, it has been suggested the NFL would either have to create its own governing body in the UK, or work through BAFA after they gain approval. Although not expected to fail, it has been speculated that approval of the governing body could be conditional on restrictions being placed on the activities of the NFL in the UK that wouldn't apply to US teams, depending on the government's view of how the visas benefit sport in the country. Analogies have been drawn to soccer, where players from outside the European Union must be shown to be bringing something "special and different", and teams are required to comprise a minimum number of EU citizens. Individual visas may still also be denied due to issues such as criminal convictions.[12]

European Union law

As a member of the European Union (EU), much of the UK's laws are based on EU law. It has been suggested that the NFL's use of a draft system and a minimum age limit on players would come into conflict with the EU's laws regarding freedom of movement for workers and competition. Citing sports lawyer Andrew Nixon, ESPN suggested in 2013 that while the draft may be permissible for the same reasons it is in the US, the age restriction had no US analogy, and so how it would be interpreted by the European Commission would be difficult to predict. The impact of the Bosman ruling on players contracts is also unclear. It also argued that while the UK government would have more interest in making adjustments to accommodate a London team, the EU as a whole would have less to gain by adjusting its laws. A suggested workaround of the team being based in the US and simply flying in for games, Nixon said this was "not something that has been done before and it is untested".[12]

On June 23, 2016, the UK voted to leave the EU. A spokesperson for the NFL said that it was working closely with its UK offices and "monitoring" the situation closely.[34] Nonetheless, some speculation has led to keep NFL owners on alert if the UK goes into a recession following an exit from the EU.[35]

Collective bargaining agreement

Many aspects of NFL players' benefits and conditions are set down by the National Football League collective bargaining agreement, negotiated by the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA), which could potentially impact the establishment of a London franchise.[36][37] Last negotiated in 2011, the current version runs until the 2020 season.

Speaking in September 2014, George Atallah, the NFLPA assistant executive director of external affairs, said of the issue that "A permanent team in London would require collective bargaining between the league and the players’ union and the NFL have not got to the point where they have said we want to raise it." and "Most players enjoy the experience of going over to London and from our perspective a team based in the UK could be viable – but only if the working conditions and health and safety aspects are satisfactory".[37] This followed a 2013 comment that "Expanding to London by definition is a change in working conditions, placing the conversation squarely in the context of collective bargaining".[12]

NBC Sports has speculated that "It's possible that the NFLPA simply will never agree to a London move. If [they] realize that any of them could be traded to the London team, or could have a London-based team as their only option for ongoing NFL employment via free agency, keeping a team out of London would keep that from ever happening."[36]

See also

References

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [36] [37]

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 The MMQB (2 October 2014). "Why London? And Can It Work?".
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 CBS (28 October 2012). "NFL's move to London could come soon; Jags a target".
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Business Reporter (2 October 2015). "George Osborne backs drive for NFL franchise in London".
  4. 1 2 3 BBC News (20 January 2016). "NFL plans permanent UK-based franchise 'in six years'".
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 BBC News (27 September 2014). "NFL Wembley: Seven years until London Jaguars? Rams? Raiders?".
  6. 1 2 3 NBC (25 September 2015). "Before putting an NFL team in London, league wants to check logistics".
  7. 1 2 3 The Telegraph (22 October 2014). "London-based NFL team receives boost with Chancellor confirming he has held talks over a Wembley franchise".
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Associated Press (via NFL.com) (5 May 2012). "Vikings in limbo and expansion not on NFL's radar".
  9. 1 2 Reuters (5 January 2016). "Three NFL teams apply to move to Los Angeles area".
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 The Guardian (4 August 2015). "How close are we to a London Jaguars NFL franchise?".
  11. 1 2 3 4 NBC (2 June 2014). "Arthur Blank sees "maybe more than one" NFL team in London".
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 ESPN (25 September 2013). "NFL in London raises legal issues".
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 NFL.com (2 October 2015). "London team by 2022? NFL continues to forge forward in U.K.".
  14. 1 2 3 4 The Telegraph (2 January 2015). "NFL eye Tottenham's new ground as home for London-based American Football franchise".
  15. 1 2 BBC News (24 October 2015). "NFL: Jacksonville Jaguars' Shahid Khan not sold on London move".
  16. 1 2 BBC News (22 October 2015). "NFL extends Wembley deal to play two games a year until 2020".
  17. 1 2 Metro (14 January 2016). "What does the Rams move to LA from St Louis mean for London's NFL franchise hopes?".
  18. ↑ San Antonio, London … Raiders headed elsewhere
  19. ↑ "Raiders owner Mark Davis reveals new details on potential Las Vegas move". CBSSports.com. Retrieved 2016-10-18.
  20. 1 2 SBNation (2 June 2014). "Buffalo Bills face potential move with upcoming sale".
  21. 1 2 CBS (5 June 2013). "Why not London Bucs? Don't assume Jaguars are moving".
  22. 1 2 3 The Telegraph (6 November 2014). "Roy Hodgson fears NFL game will spoil Wembley pitch ahead of Euro 2016 qualifer against Slovenia".
  23. 1 2 BBC News (24 September 2013). "Why the NFL matters to Wembley Stadium's financial future".
  24. 1 2 The Guardian (8 October 2014). "England could hit the road as FA mulls idea of Wembley NFL franchise".
  25. 1 2 BBC News (9 October 2014). "England could play games around country if Wembley gets NFL team".
  26. 1 2 BBC News (8 July 2015). "Tottenham Hotspur will host NFL matches at new stadium".
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 Business Insider (8 July 2015). "The NFL just got closer to putting a team in London".
  28. 1 2 The Telegraph (8 July 2015). "Tottenham sign deal with NFL to stage American Football matches at new 61,000-seater stadium".
  29. 1 2 The Telegraph (3 November 2015). "Twickenham agrees deal to stage NFL games".
  30. 1 2 BBC News (3 November 2015). "NFL to play at Twickenham as three-year deal is announced".
  31. 1 2 The Guardian (28 September 2014). "London looks increasingly likely to get NFL franchise but could it work?".
  32. 1 2 The Telegraph (24 October 2015). "London NFL team needs two million extra fans".
  33. 1 2 The Telegraph (31 October 2015). "NFL expansion to London is 'extraordinary', says Leiweke".
  34. ↑ http://www.foxsports.com/nfl/story/nfl-monitoring-situation-united-kingdom-great-britain-brexit-vote-062416
  35. ↑ http://www.foxbusiness.com/features/2016/06/24/will-brexit-bench-nfl-nba-in-united-kingdom.html
  36. 1 2 3 NBC Sports (2 October 2013). "NFLPA believes it can block a move to London".
  37. 1 2 3 The Observer (27 September 2014). "London NFL franchise remains some way off, players' union says".
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