Registrar of the University of Oxford

A man in red academic robes sitting in a chair with a city scene visible through a window
Philip Bliss, Registrar from 1824 to 1853

The Registrar of the University of Oxford is one of the senior officials of the university. According to its statutes, the Registrar acts as the "head of the central administrative services", with responsibility for "the management and professional development of their staff and for the development of other administrative support".[1] He or she is also the "principal adviser on strategic policy" to the university's Vice-Chancellor and Council, its main decision-making body.[2]

The university regards the role as having a 550-year history, as there are references in the records to officials carrying out the duties of a registrar in the 15th century, though the list of Registrars published by the university in the 19th century begins with John London, who died in 1508. As the administrative requirements of the university have increased, so have the number of staff employed in the university administration under the Registrar. The university decided to give the role increased importance after this was recommended by a commission in 1922.

As of 2015, there are 16 administrative sections for the university, and the heads of 12 of these report to the Registrar. About 4,000 of the university's staff of approximately 8,000 are under the Registrar's control. The current Registrar, Ewan McKendrick, took up his duties on 1 January 2011; he is also Professor of English Private Law and was previously one of the university's Pro-Vice-Chancellors. His predecessor, Julie Maxton, was the first woman to hold the position; she was previously Dean of the Law School at the University of Auckland.

History and duties

The list of former Registrars published by the university in the 19th century begins with John London, who died in 1508.[3] Records show that there were people before London carrying out similar tasks in the 15th century, and the university regards the role as having a 550-year history.[4] There is a record of a resolution by the university, of uncertain date in the 15th century, that a registrar or scribe should be appointed to draft letters, record the university's public acts, copy its documents, and record the names of graduates. The position carried an annual salary of four marks (£2 13 shillings and 4 pence); fees had to be paid to the Registrar by individuals obtaining their degrees or recording other permissions granted by the university.[5] In 1448, a John Manyngham signed a letter for the university, and was permitted in 1451 to have a scholar make transcripts in the university's library; one historian of the university says that Manyngham may have been Oxford's first Registrar.[5][6] John Farley, who signed his name in Greek letters as a sign of his erudition, carried out the duties from 1458 to 1464.[6]

In 1588, the Registrar had to be paid four pence by a student wishing to be admitted to the degree of Bachelor of Arts, six pence for a Master of Arts degree and eighteen pence for a doctorate; in 1601, the fees for the bachelor's and master's degrees were raised to six pence and eight pence.[7] In the 16th century, it was regarded as a lucrative position and Thomas Caius, who held the post for 17 years, reacted violently when the university voted to remove him from office for failing to carry out his duties for a year, leading to his temporary imprisonment.[8] By the 19th century, the stipend was fixed at £600 and the Registrar no longer personally received fees paid by students.[3]

The workload of the Registrar has increased over time as the university has increased in size and complexity. In 1914, the Registry had a staff of five; there were eight staff members in 1930 and forty in 1958.[9][10] Typewriters were rare before 1925 and there was, until then, no diary of recurring dates, with everything depending (in the words of a later Registrar, Sir Douglas Veale, appointed in 1930) "on someone—generally the registrar's secretary—happening to remember."[9] A commission headed by the former prime minister H. H. Asquith recommended in 1922 that Oxford should improve its administration and that the Registrar should become a more significant figure; Veale's appointment was a recognition of this need.[11] In addition, external pressures from the requirements of the University Grants Committee and other governmental funding mechanisms also required more work from the Registrar and staff. As the historian Brian Harrison put it, under Veale (Registrar 1930–1958), Oxford's administration was "edging ... slowly from decentralized amateurism towards centralized professionalism."[10] However, Veale's successor Sir Folliott Sandford was "appalled at the amount of paper", which was "quite beyond [his] conception as a civil servant."[12] The growth in Oxford's administration led to a move in 1968 to purpose-built accommodation in Wellington Square: until that time, the administration had been housed in the Clarendon Building in the centre of Oxford next to the Bodleian Library.[11][13] As of 2015, there are 16 administrative sections for the university, and the heads of 12 of these report to the Registrar.[2] In 2006, about 4,000 of the university's staff of approximately 8,000 were reported as being under the Registrar's control.[14]

The university's statutes state that the Registrar is the "head of the central administrative services", with responsibility for "the management and professional development of their staff and for the development of other administrative support".[1] The Registrar is also the "principal adviser on strategic policy" to the university's Vice-Chancellor and Council (its main decision-making body).[2] Other duties include oversight of "the University's external relations", responsibility for "communications which express the general policy of the University", and control of the university's records and publications.[1] Before 1997, when amendments were made to set out the modern duties of the post, the statutes relating to the Registrar were predominantly an outdated list of record-keeping duties; a requirement for the Registrar to live in an official residence provided by the university was deleted at this time.[15] Julie Maxton (2006–10) was the first woman to hold the position; she was previously Dean of the Law School at the University of Auckland.[16] She was succeeded on 1 January 2011 by Ewan McKendrick, formerly Professor of English Private Law at Oxford and one of the university's Pro-Vice-Chancellors.[17] Some but not all of the Registrars have been appointed to a Fellowship of one of the colleges at the university; unlike some of the professorships at Oxford, the position is not linked to a particular college.

Registrars

In the table below, "college" indicates the college or hall of the university (if any) at which the individual held an official position, such as a fellowship, when serving as Registrar.

Name Position held Education[n 1] College Notes
LondonJohn London 1507?–08 ZZZNot known New College Little is known about London: he was a Fellow of New College and died in 1508; he is not the man of the same name who was Warden of New College from 1526 to 1542.[18]
BarnackRalph Barnack 1508–17 Oxford, NewNew College New College Barnack, a Fellow of New College from 1495 to 1517, was Vice-Chancellor of the University in 1519; he was later vicar of Adderbury in Oxfordshire and rector of Upper Clatford in Hampshire.[19]
FykesThomas Fykes 1517–21 Oxford, NewNew College New College Fykes, a Fellow of New College from 1506 to 1524, is described as "tabellio or scribe, i.e. registrar, of the university".[20] His name is sometimes given as "Fyghtkeys"; he was vicar of Heckfield in Hampshire until his death in 1548.[3][20]
Turberville, JamesJames Turberville 1521–24 Oxford, NewNew College New College Turberville, a Fellow of New College from 1512 to 1529, is described as "tabellio or scribe, i.e. registrar, of the university".[21] After holding various parish positions in Sussex and Dorset and becoming a canon of Chichester Cathedral and of Winchester Cathedral, he was appointed Bishop of Exeter in 1555 by Mary I. He was deprived of his office under Elizabeth I in 1559 before being held captive in the Tower of London, where he spent most of the remainder of his life.[22]
Tresham, WilliamWilliam Tresham 1524–29 Oxford, MertonMerton College Merton College Tresham, a Fellow of Merton College from 1516, is described as "tabellio or scribe, i.e. registrar, of the university".[23] He was a canon of Christ Church and held various parish positions; he was also Vice-Chancellor of the University from 1532 to 1547, then again in 1550, 1556 and 1558. He was imprisoned in the Fleet Prison under Edward VI, restored to favour under Mary I but deprived of most of his church appointments under Elizabeth I for refusing to swear the required oath of supremacy.[24]
Tayler, RobertRobert Tayler 1529–32 Oxford, MertonMerton College Merton College and St Alban Hall Tayler, a Fellow of Merton College from 1522, became principal of St Alban Hall (an academic hall associated with Merton) in 1530. He was later appointed to various parish positions in Sussex and made a canon of Chichester Cathedral.[25]
Smyth, RichardRichard Smyth 1532–35 Oxford, MertonMerton College Merton College Smyth, a Fellow of Merton College from 1528, was appointed the first Regius Professor of Divinity in 1535 and became principal of St Alban Hall (an academic hall associated with Merton) in the following year. A theological conservative, he fell from favour under Edward VI and was forced from the professorship in 1548. After Mary I came to the throne, Smyth returned to England from exile and later held the professorship twice more (1554–56 and 1559–60), presiding as Vice-Chancellor at the trial of Thomas Cranmer and preaching at the execution of the other two Oxford Martyrs, Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley.[26]
Caius, ThomasThomas Caius 1535–52 Oxford, All SoulsAll Souls College All Souls College Caius (whose original surname was "Kay" or "Key") was made a Fellow of All Souls in 1525 and was the university's supervisor of ale in the late 1520s, among other positions.[8] He was elected Registrar in 1532, but removed from office in 1552 for negligence: it was said that he had failed to record the required matters for a year "to the great disworship of the university", and had "procured means and ways to vex and trouble the university", such that he ought to be expelled rather than take "any further profit or commodity". He refused to answer the charges against him.[6] The result of the vote led to him quitting the room in a temper and punching the man sent by the Vice-Chancellor to restrain him. Caius was imprisoned but was released the following day after agreeing to apologise to the university and to pay a fine of fourpence. He was appointed Master of University College in 1561. His writings included claims refuting Cambridge's assertion that it was an older university than Oxford, alleging in reply that Oxford had been founded by Alfred the Great.[6][8]
StandishWilliam Standish 1552–79 Oxford, Magdalen CollegeMagdalen College ZZZ—[n 2] Standish, a Fellow of Magdalen from 1538 to 1552, was also auditor of the University from 1550 to 1563.[27]
CullenRichard Cullen 1579–89 Oxford, Magdalen CollegeMagdalen College Magdalen College Cullen was a Fellow of Magdalen from 1571 to 1589.[28]
HusseyJames Hussey 1589–1600 Oxford, NewNew College New College and Magdalen Hall Hussey, a Fellow from 1589, was principal of Magdalen Hall from 1602 to 1605. He became an advocate at Doctors' Commons in 1604 and was later appointed as Master in Chancery and chancellor to the Bishop of Salisbury. Knighted in 1619, he died of the plague in Oxford in 1625.[29]
Meyricke, MauriceMaurice Meyricke 1600–08 Oxford, NewNew College New College Meyricke (sometimes recorded as "Merick" or "Mericke") was appointed a Fellow of New College in 1589. He was later appointed a Fellow of Jesus College by the charter issued in 1622 by James I.[30][31]
French TThomas French 1608–29 Oxford, St EdmundSt Edmund Hall and Magdalen College Merton College French matriculated at St Edmund Hall in 1580 (aged 15) before moving to Magdalen College, then became a Fellow of Merton in 1584. He died in 1629 and was succeeded by his son, John.[32]
French JJohn French 1629–51 Oxford, St EdmundSt Edmund Hall and Magdalen College Merton College French was a Fellow of Merton from 1615 and became Registrar in 1629 after the death of his father, the previous holder of the post. He died in 1651 and was buried in Merton College Chapel.[33]
WhittinghamWilliam Whittingham 1651–59 Oxford, Magdalen HallMagdalen Hall and Oriel College ZZZ—[n 3] The son of a Timothy Whittingham from Holmside, County Durham, he obtained a licence, in 1640, to marry a widow called Anne Thynn in Harefield, Middlesex. His will was proved at Oxford in January 1660.[34]
Cooper BBenjamin Cooper 1659–1701 Oxford, MertonMerton College ZZZ—[n 4] The son of a William Cooper from Halam, Nottinghamshire, he was Registrar for over 40 years before his death in 1701; his will was proved in Oxford in February of that year. He was succeeded by his son George.[35]
Cooper GGeorge Cooper 1701–37 Oxford, MertonMerton College ZZZ—[n 5] Succeeding his father Benjamin, who held the position for over 40 years, George held the position until his death in 1737, his will being proved in Oxford in July of that year.[36]
FisherHenry Fisher 1737–61 Oxford, JesusJesus College ZZZ—[n 6] Fisher, the son of a Henry Fisher from Wrexham, north Wales, held the post from 1737 until his death on 18 March 1761.[37]
ForsterSamuel Forster 1761–97 Oxford, WadhamWadham College Wadham College Forster became a Fellow of Wadham in 1761 and was awarded the degree of Doctor of Civil Law in 1765. He was one of four brothers to study at Oxford (one was a Fellow of Balliol College); one of his sons went to Wadham, and another to Worcester College.[38]
Gutch, JohnJohn Gutch 1797–1824 Oxford, All SoulsAll Souls College All Souls College Gutch was chaplain of All Souls from 1770 until his death in 1831; he also served as college librarian, registrar of the chancellor's court and clerk of the Oxford market. On his retirement as Registrar in 1824, he was awarded an annuity of £200 by the university. His main act of scholarship was his edition of Anthony Wood's own English-language version of his history of the university (originally written in Latin, but revised later by Wood in translation). Other publications included two volumes of miscellaneous historical material about the university.[39]
Bliss, PhilipPhilip Bliss 1824–53 Oxford, St John'sSt John's College St John's College and St Mary Hall Bliss, an antiquarian and book collector, was appointed a Fellow of St John's in 1809 and was also junior sub-librarian at the Bodleian Library from 1822 to 1828. He was Keeper of the Archives from 1826 onwards: one writer has stated that "his penchant for accumulation seems to have impeded administrative efficiency", although adding that "his prominence and diligence in university business and his polished manners made him the embodiment of the traditions of ancien régime Oxford."[40] He was principal of St Mary Hall from 1848 until his death in the principal's lodgings in 1857. He retired as Registrar in April 1853 with a pension of £200, in advance of the Oxford University Act 1854.[40]
RowdenEdward Rowden 1853–70 Oxford, New CollegeNew College ZZZ—[n 7] Rowden, a Fellow of New College from 1833 to 1851, was also sub-Warden of the college in 1849. He held the position of Registrar until his death in 1870.[41]
TurnerEdward Turner 1870–97 Oxford, BrasenoseBrasenose College and Trinity College Brasenose College Turner became a Fellow of Brasenose in 1845, and was vice-principal of the college from 1870 to 1881. He was appointed Hebrew lecturer and Hulme lecturer on divinity in 1866. He was elected Registrar in 1870, defeating four other candidates for the position, and resigned in 1897.[42][43][44]
GroseThomas Grose 1897–1906 Oxford, BalliolBalliol College Queen's College Grose, a clergyman who was a Fellow of Queen's from 1870, was elected in preference to Andrew Clark of Lincoln College on 17 June 1897. He died in February 1906.[44][45][46][47]
LeudesdorfCharles Leudesdorf 1906–24 Oxford, WorcesterWorcester College Pembroke College Leudesdorf, a Fellow of Pembroke College from 1873, was a mathematician, teaching the subject at Pembroke until his appointment as Registrar. From 1889 to 1906, he was Secretary to the university's Boards of Faculties. He was Registrar until his death in 1924, and was regarded as an "efficient and exact" administrator, "absolutely unswerving in devotion to duty".[9][48]
CraigEdwin Craig 1924–30 Oxford, UniversityUniversity College Magdalen College Craig was Demonstrator in the Electrical Laboratory at Oxford from 1905 to 1913, also serving as Assistant Registrar and Secretary to the Boards of Faculties from 1907 until 1924, when he succeeded Leudesdorf. A Fellow of Magdalen from 1918 until his death in 1930, he was the college's vice-president between 1926 and 1928; he also chaired the council of Somerville College from 1924 to 1926.[49] Lewis Richard Farnell (Vice-Chancellor 1920–1923) described him as "the best university official that I ever worked with, wise, tactful and devoted."[50]
VealeSir Douglas Veale 1930–58 Oxford, CorpusCorpus Christi College Corpus Christi College After serving as an infantry officer in the First World War, Veale worked in the Ministry of Health and was private secretary to various ministers of health from 1921 to 1928. After the Asquith Commission had recommended in 1922 that the post of Registrar should be more important and the university's administration should be improved, Veale's appointment in 1930 was regarded with suspicion by some within Oxford who were adverse to centralized influences and who saw him as a "young man in a hurry".[11] He worked hard to overcome tensions between colleges and the university (and was appointed a Fellow of Corpus Christi in 1930), and also between the university and the city of Oxford.[11]
SandfordSir Folliott Sandford 1958–72 Oxford, NewNew College New College Sandford joined the Air Ministry as a civil servant in 1930, working as Principal Private Secretary to four Secretaries of State for Air between 1937 and 1940 and serving as Deputy Under-Secretary of State from 1947 to 1958. He became a Fellow of New College on his appointment as Registrar, and held both positions until retiring in 1972.[51] Harrison describes him as "unobtrusively providing expertise and continuity" and a hard worker, but one who "lacked Veale's vision and sense of proportion" and who suffered from having to try to match the standards set for the role by Veale.[52]
Caston, GeoffreyGeoffrey Caston 1972–79 Cambridge, PeterhousePeterhouse, Cambridge and Harvard University Merton College Caston (the first Registrar not to be educated at the university) was another former civil servant, having worked in the Colonial Office, the Department of Education and Science and the University Grants Committee. After Oxford, he served as Secretary-General to the Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals from 1979 to 1983, then as Vice-Chancellor of the University of the South Pacific from 1983 to 1992.[53]
DoreyAlan Dorey 1979–98 Oxford, PembrokePembroke College Linacre College Dorey was previously Assistant Registrar, Deputy Registrar (General) and Secretary of the University Chest before succeeding Caston in 1979.[54][55][56] On his retirement, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by Oxford in July 1998, in recognition of the "wise advice" that he had provided through the "rough weather" of the 18 years for which he had been Registrar.[57] The Senior Proctor at the time of Dorey's retirement said that "his studied self-effacement has made him too little-known" outside the university offices.[58][59] He is an Honorary Fellow of Pembroke, his old college.[57][60]
Holmes David Holmes 1998–2006 Oxford, MertonMerton College St John's College Holmes worked as an administrative assistant at the University of Warwick before becoming Assistant Registrar then Senior Assistant Registrar. After serving as Academic Secretary (and for a time also a Deputy Registrar) at the University of Liverpool, he was Registrar and Secretary of the University of Birmingham from 1988 to 1998.[61] He was awarded an honorary doctorate by Oxford for his "outstanding service", overseeing the construction of various university buildings such as the Saïd Business School and tackling various financial matters that concerned Oxford.[62]
Maxton, JulieJulie Maxton 2006–10 LondonUniversity College, London University College Maxton, the first female Registrar in Oxford's history, was previously Dean of Law at the University of Auckland, where she worked with John Hood (Auckland's Vice-Chancellor 1998–2004 and Oxford's Vice-Chancellor 2004–09). She moved to New Zealand in 1982, having qualified as a barrister in London, and was a commercial lawyer there, regarded by the judge Lord Cooke of Thorndon as "one of the brightest stars in the New Zealand legal firmament."[14][63] She left to become Executive Director of the Royal Society.[17]
McKendrick, EwanEwan McKendrick 2011 onwards EdinburghUniversity of Edinburgh and Pembroke College Lady Margaret Hall[n 8] McKendrick taught law at Lancashire Polytechnic, the University of Essex and the London School of Economics before his first teaching position at Oxford. After five years as Professor of English Law at University College London, he was appointed Herbert Smith Professor of English Private Law at Oxford in 2000. He was appointed a Pro-Vice-Chancellor in 2006.[17][64]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ At the University of Oxford, unless otherwise indicated
  2. ↑ Standish is not recorded as holding a college appointment or fellowship after 1552.[27]
  3. ↑ Whittingham is not recorded as holding a college appointment fellowship.[34]
  4. ↑ Benjamin Cooper is not recorded as holding a college appointment or fellowship.[35]
  5. ↑ George Cooper is not recorded as holding a college appointment or fellowship.[36]
  6. ↑ Fisher is not recorded as holding a college appointment or fellowship.[37]
  7. ↑ Rowden is not recorded as holding a college appointment or fellowship after 1851.[41]
  8. ↑ McKendrick has been a Fellow of Lady Margaret Hall since 2000.[64][65]

References

Bibliography

  • Foster, Joseph (1891–1892). Alumni Oxonienses: The Members of the University of Oxford, 1500–1714 (4 volumes). Oxford: James Parker & Co. ISBN 978-1-85506-843-8.  Cited in references as Foster, 1500–1714.
  • Foster, Joseph (1891–1892). Alumni Oxonienses: The Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886 (4 volumes). Oxford: James Parker & Co. ISBN 978-1-85506-843-8.  Cited in references as Foster, 1715–1866.
  • Harrison, Brian (1994). "Government and Administration 1914–1964". The History of the University of Oxford volume VIII: The Twentieth Century. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-822974-7. 

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 "Statutes and Regulations of the University of Oxford: Registrar and other Officials". University of Oxford. 28 September 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
  2. 1 2 3 "About UAS". University of Oxford. 31 October 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 The historical register of the University of Oxford : being a supplement to the Oxford University calendar, with an alphabetical record of University honours and distinctions completed to the end of Trinity term 1888. Oxford University Press. 1888. p. 44.
  4. ↑ "Registrar to step down at end of 2010". University of Oxford. 19 February 2010. Retrieved 4 August 2010. Dr Maxton became the first female Registrar in the 550-year history of the role at Oxford when she took up her current post in February 2006.
  5. 1 2 Mallet, Charles (1968) [1924]. The History of the University of Oxford Volume I: The Mediaeval University and the Colleges founded in the Middle Ages. Barnes and Noble. p. 327.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Buxton, L. H. Dudley; Gibson, Strickland (1935). "The Admission and Installation of University Officers". Oxford University Ceremonies. Oxford University Press. pp. 142–43. ISBN 9781406743395.
  7. ↑ Mallet, Charles (1968) [1924]. The History of the University of Oxford Volume II: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Barnes and Noble. p. 129.
  8. 1 2 3 Leader, Damian R. (May 2006). "Caius, Thomas (c.1505–1572)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 30 July 2010. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  9. 1 2 3 Harrison, p. 689.
  10. 1 2 Harrison, p. 695.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Williams, E. T.; Judge, H. G. (October 2009). "Veale, Sir Douglas (1891–1973)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 4 August 2010. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  12. ↑ Harrison, p. 707.
  13. ↑ Harrison, p. 708.
  14. 1 2 MacLeod, Donald (12 September 2006). "Julie Maxton: Marathon woman". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
  15. ↑ "Role and responsibilities of the Registrar". University of Oxford. 12 June 1997. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
  16. ↑ "In register". Oxford Today. University of Oxford. 18 (3 (Trinity)). 2006. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
  17. 1 2 3 "New Registrar appointed". University of Oxford. 27 July 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
  18. ↑ Foster, 1500–1714, p. 84: "London, John"
  19. ↑ Foster, 1500–1714, p. 73: "Barnack, Ralph"
  20. 1 2 Foster, 1500–1714, p. 541: "Fykes, Thomas"
  21. ↑ Foster, 1500–1714, p. 1518: "Turberville, James"
  22. ↑ Orme, Nicholas (October 2006). "Turberville, James (1494–1570?)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 29 July 2010. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  23. ↑ Foster, 1500–1714, p. 1508: "Tresham, William"
  24. ↑ Gibbs, Gary G. (September 2004). "Tresham, William (1495–1569)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 29 July 2010. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  25. ↑ Foster, 1500–1714, p. 1462: "Tayler, Robert "
  26. ↑ Löwe, J. Andreas (September 2004). "Smyth , Richard (1499/1500–1563)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 29 July 2010. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  27. 1 2 Foster, 1500–1714, p. 1407: "Standish, William"
  28. ↑ Foster, 1500–1714, p. 361: "Cullen, Richard"
  29. ↑ Foster, 1500–1714, p. 776: "Hussey, (Sir) James (Husee)"
  30. ↑ Allen, Brigid (1998). "The Early History of Jesus College, Oxford 1571–1603" (PDF). Oxoniensia. Oxfordshire Architectural and Historical Society. LXIII: 117. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
  31. ↑ Foster, 1500–1714, p. 1006: "Meyrick, Maurice (Mericke)"
  32. ↑ Foster, 1500–1714, p. 535: "French, Thomas"
  33. ↑ Foster, 1500–1714, p. 534: "French, John"
  34. 1 2 Foster, 1500–1714, p. 1624: "Whittingham, William"
  35. 1 2 Foster, 1500–1714, p. 324: "Cooper, Benjamin"
  36. 1 2 Foster, 1500–1714, p. 324: "Cooper, George"
  37. 1 2 Foster, 1500–1714, p. 500: "Fisher, Henry"
  38. ↑ Foster, 1715–1886, p. 479: "Forster, Samuel"
  39. ↑ Crossley, Alan (September 2004). "Gutch, John (1746–1831)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 4 August 2010. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  40. 1 2 Bell, Alan (September 2004). "Bliss, Philip (1787–1857)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 4 August 2010. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  41. 1 2 Foster, 1715–1886, p. 1229: "Rowden, Rev. Edward Wetherell"
  42. ↑ Foster, 1715–1886, p. 1449: "Turner, Rev. Edward Tindal"
  43. ↑ "University Intelligence. Oxford, March 29". The Times (26,712). London. 31 March 1870. col B, p. 10.
  44. 1 2 "University Intelligence: Oxford, May 24". The Times (35,212). London. 25 May 1897. col D, p. 12.
  45. ↑ "University Intelligence: Oxford, June 17". The Times (35,233). London. 18 June 1897. col B, p. 9.
  46. ↑ Foster, 1715–1886, p. 572: "Grose, (Rev.) Thomas Hodge"
  47. ↑ "University Intelligence. Oxford, Feb. 13". The Times (37,943). London. 14 February 1906. col A, p. 8.
  48. ↑ "Leudesdorf, Charles". Who Was Who 1920–2008. Oxford University Press. December 2007. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
  49. ↑ "Craig, Edwin Stewart". Who Was Who 1920–2008. Oxford University Press. December 2007. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
  50. ↑ Harrison, p. 690
  51. ↑ "Sandford, Sir Folliott Herbert". Who Was Who 1920–2008. Oxford University Press. December 2007. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
  52. ↑ Harrison, p. 709
  53. ↑ "Caston, Geoffrey Kemp". Who's Who 2010. Oxford University Press. November 2009. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
  54. ↑ "Archive collection: Papers of Sir George Lindor Brown". Royal Society. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
  55. ↑ Oxford University Calendar 1974–1975. Oxford University Press. p. 4.
  56. ↑ "University News". The Times (38,580). London. 20 June 1979. col B, p. 16.
  57. 1 2 "Encaenia 1998: Speeches by the Public Orator – Dr A.J. Dorey". Oxford University Gazette. University of Oxford. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
  58. ↑ "Oration by the Senior Proctor". Oxford University Gazette. University of Oxford. 19 March 1998. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
  59. ↑ "University News". The Times (38,692). London. 29 October 1978. col D, p. 14.
  60. ↑ University of Oxford (1970). "Alphabetical Register of Honours and Distinctions". Supplement to the historical register of 1900, including an alphabetical record of University honours and distinctions for the years 1951–1965. Oxford University Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-19-951181-5.
  61. ↑ "Holmes, David Robert". Who's Who 2010. Oxford University Press. November 2009. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
  62. ↑ "Encaenia 2006: Speeches by the Public Orator – Mr David Holmes". Oxford University Gazette. University of Oxford. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
  63. ↑ "Dr Julie Maxton". Saïd Business School. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
  64. 1 2 "McKendrick, Prof. Ewan Gordon". Who's Who 2010. Oxford University Press. November 2009. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
  65. ↑ "Prof Ewan McKendrick". Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. Retrieved 17 January 2011.

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