Rusudan of Circassia

Rusudan of Circassia
Queen consort of Kartli
Tenure 1703-1712
1716-1724
Died 30 December 1740
Moscow
Burial Donskoy Monastery
Spouse Vakhtang VI of Kartli
Religion Georgian Orthodox Church
Signature

Rusudan (Georgian: რუსუდანი; died 30 December 1740) was a daughter of a Circassian chieftain and a wife of Vakhtang VI, who ruled the Georgian kingdom of Kartli as a regent from 1703 to 1712 and a king (or a wali from the Iranian perspective) from 1716 to 1724. She followed her husband in his exile to the Russian Empire, where she lived for the rest of her life.

Origin

Rusudan's ancestry and family background are scarcely documented. "Rusudan" being the name given to the Circassian bride on her conversion to Christianity in Georgia, her original name is unrecorded as is her surname. The contemporary Georgian sources usually refer to the family of her origin as cherkez-batoni, that is, "the lord (batoni) of Circassians".[1] The 19th-century French historian Marie-Félicité Brosset identified her father as the Lesser Kabardian chief Kilchiko[1]—Kul'chuk Kilimbetov of the Russian sources[2]—who in 1693 had tried to prevent Archil, Vakhtang's uncle, from visiting Russia. Furthermore, a Georgian document from that time mentions Vakhtang's meeting with his Kabardian in-laws, referred to as by a Georgianized surname, "Bakashvili", during the king's flight to Russia through the Circassian territory in 1724.[1] According to Brosset's contemporary Russian author, Pyotr Buktov, Rusudan was of the Misostov clan, one of the most influential families in Greater Kabarda. Butkov also makes mention of Rusudan's other possible native clan, the Tausultanov of Lesser Kabarda.[3][4]

Early life

Rusudan was initially betrothed to the young prince Bagrat, whom his father, King George XI of Kartli, had to surrender as a hostage to Shah Suleiman I in Iran, where Bagrat died c. 1692. Rusudan was not returned to her father and instead remained in Georgia. This should have offended the Circassians, prompting, as Brosset conjectured,[1] Kilchiko to respond vigorously to the shamkhal of Tarki's call to seize George XI's brother Archil and his entourage on their way to Russia. Archil was taken captive, but soon escaped. The shamkhal, in a fury, for he wanted Archil's capture to please the shah, punished Kilchiko by ravaging the Circassian's lands.[2][5]

Marriage to Vakhtang

In 1696, George XI arranged Rusudan's marriage with his nephew, Prince Vakhtang, who wed her at Kharagauli in Imereti, where George XI and his family had been displaced from Kartli after his break with the shah of Iran in 1688. That same year, George XI reconciled with the shah and was restored to Kartli. In 1703, Vakhtang acceded to the regency of Kartli for George XI and a successor, Kaikhosro, both reigning in absentia while serving in the Iranian ranks in Afghanistan, where they were both killed. Vakhtang's regency was marked by a relative political and cultural revival in Kartli.[6]

In April 1712, Vakhtang repaired to Iran to receive his investiture from Shah Sultan Husayn and was detained there until being forced to comply with the condition of accepting Islam in 1716. During his absence, Vakhtang's brother Svimon took over the regency, being succeeded by the rule of another, Islamized brother, Jesse. During this period of time, the country became engulfed in political intrigues and factional power struggles. Rusudan, living with his sons in Gori, west of the increasingly hostile capital of Tbilisi, eventually fled Jesse's oppressive regime to the mountains of Racha. Jesse had even promised the shah to send Rusudan and her sons, and 500 families from Kartli for resettlement in Iran.[6] She was a moderating influence on his elder son, Bakar, who sought to avenge the enemies of his father. The queen, thus, saved the catholicos Domentius, suspected of involved in political intrigues, from being blinded and averted the death of the general (spaspet) Luarsab Orbeliani.

Queen consort

In August 1719, Vakhtang, now also known by his Muslim name of Husayn-Qoli Khan, returned to Tbilisi as king and Rusudan sat on the throne by her husband, "a luminary, sunlike queen", as the contemporary Georgian historian Sekhnia Chkheidze put it.[6] Vakhtang's reign did not last long. In May 1723, he found himself besieged in his capital by the rival king Constantine II of Kakheti. Rusudan was evacuated to Gori and, after the fall of Tbilisi, to Imereti. Eventually, Vakhtang, accompanied by his family and a retinue fled to Russia. Rusudan lived with her husband in Astrakhan. Widowed in March 1737, she moved to Moscow, where her son, Bakar, resided. Rusudan died there, on 30 December 1740. She was buried at the Sretensky church of the Donskoy Monastery on 13 January 1741.[7][8]

Children

Rusudan bore five children to Vakhtang, two sons and three daughters (Vakhtang also had several extramarital children):

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Brosset, Marie-Félicité (1854). "Notice sur une lettre géorgienne du roi Artchil à Charles XII, 2 février 1706, et sur les divers séjours du roi Artchil en Russie" [A note on a letter of the Georgian king Archil to Charles XII of 2 February 2 1706 and Archil's travels in Russia]. Bulletin de la classe historico-philologique de l'Académie impériale des sciences de St.-Pétersbourg (in French). 11: 214–222.
  2. 1 2 Tatishvili, Vladimir (1959). Грузины в Москве: исторический очерк, 1653–1722 [Georgians in Moscow: a historical study, 1653–1722] (in Russian). Tbilisi: Zarya Vostoka. p. 100.
  3. ↑ Brosset, Marie-Félicité (1859). "Nouvelles recherches sur l'histoire Wakhoucht, sur le roi Artchil et sa famille, et sur divers personnages géorgiens enterrés à Moscou" [New research in the history of Vakhushti on King Archil and his family, and other Georgians buried in Moscow]. Mélanges Asiatiques, Tirés du Bulletin de l'académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg. III: 535–536.
  4. ↑ Butkov, Pyotr Grigoriyevich (1869). Материалы для новой истории Кавказа, с 1722 по 1803 год, т. I [Materials of the new history of the Caucasus, from 1722 to 1803. Volume I] (in Russian). Tiflis: Enfyandjyants and Co. p. 505.
  5. ↑ Kvachantiradze, Eka (2012). "Kilchiko", "Rusudan" (PDF). Caucasus in Georgian Sources: Foreign States, Tribes, Historical Figures. Encyclopedical Dictionary. Tbilisi: Favorite. pp. 315, 348.
  6. 1 2 3 Brosset, Marie-Félicité (1856). Histoire de la Géorgie depuis l'Antiquité jusqu'au XIXe siècle. IIe partie. Histoire moderne [History of Georgia from Antiquity to the 19th century. Part II. Modern History] (in French). S.-Pétersbourg: A la typographie de l'Academie Impériale des Sciences. pp. 23, 32, 42.
  7. ↑ Brosset, Marie-Félicité (1847). "Notice historique sur les trois derniéres années du régne de Wakhtang VI et sur son arrivée en Russia" [Historical note on the last three years of Vakhtang VI's reign and his arrival in Russia]. Bulletin de la classe historico-philologique de l'Académie impériale des sciences de St.-Pétersbourg (in French). III: 359–363.
  8. ↑ Toumanoff, Cyrille (1990). Les dynasties de la Caucasie Chrétienne: de l'Antiquité jusqu'au XIXe siècle: tables généalogiques et chronologique [Dynasties of Christian Caucasia from Antiquity to the 19th century: genealogical and chronological tables] (in French). Rome. pp. 145–147.
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