Stefan Wyszyński
| His Eminence Stefan Wyszyński Servant of God | |
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Cardinal Archbishop of Gniezno and Warsaw Primate of Poland | |
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| Church | Roman Catholic Church |
| See |
Archdiocese of Gniezno Archdiocese of Warsaw |
| In office | 12 November 1948 – 28 May 1981 |
| Predecessor | August Hlond |
| Successor | Józef Glemp |
| Other posts | Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere (1957–1981) |
| Orders | |
| Ordination |
3 August 1924 by Wojciech Stanisław Owczarek |
| Consecration |
12 May 1946 by August Hlond |
| Created Cardinal |
12 January 1953 by Pope Pius XII |
| Rank | Cardinal-Priest |
| Personal details | |
| Birth name | Stefan Wyszyński |
| Born |
3 August 1901 Zuzela, Congress Poland, Russian Empire |
| Died |
28 May 1981 (aged 79) Warsaw, Poland |
| Previous post | Bishop of Lublin (1946–1948) |
| Motto | Soli Deo ("To God alone") |
| Coat of arms |
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| Sainthood | |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholic Church |
| Title as Saint | Servant of God |
| Attributes | Cardinal's attire |
| Patronage |
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| Styles of Stefan Wyszyński | |
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| Reference style | His Eminence |
| Spoken style | Your Eminence |
| Informal style | Cardinal |
| See | Warsaw |
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Stefan Wyszyński (3 August 1901 – 28 May 1981) was a Polish prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as the bishop of Lublin from 1946 to 1948, archbishop of Warsaw and archbishop of Gniezno from 1948 to 1981. He was created a cardinal on 12 January 1953 by Pope Pius XII as the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere. He assumed the title of Primate of Poland. Stefan Wyszyński was often called the Primate of the Millennium.
The case for his beatification and canonization opened in 1989 (he now has the title of Servant of God) and has many proponents in the Vatican and in his native Poland, where he is well known for his heroic and principled stand against Nazism and Communism, and because of his connections to Pope John Paul II (he played a key role in urging then-Cardinal Wojtyla to accept his election as Supreme Pontiff).
To many he was the unquestionable leader of Polish nation (the uncrowned king of Poland), in opposition to the totalitarian government controlled by the Soviet Union. He is also credited for the survival of Polish Christianity in the face of its repression and persecution during the reign of the 1945–1989 Communist regime. He himself was imprisoned for three years, and is considered to be a Polish national hero.
Early life and ordination
Wyszyński was born in the village of Zuzela in eastern Mazovia on the Bug River. During the Partitions of Poland, this area was part of the Russian Empire (more specifically, Congress Poland) until the end of the First World War. The Wyszyński family counted itself among the nobility of Poland (the szlachta), with the coat of arms of Trzywdar and the title of baron, although it was not materially well off.
Wyszyński's mother died when he was nine. In 1912, his father sent him to Warsaw. In the years 1914–1916 Stefan attended the high-school in Łomża. The following year he enrolled in the seminary in Włocławek, and on his 24th birthday (3 August 1924), after being hospitalised with a serious illness, he received his priestly ordination from Bishop Adalberto Owczarek.
Priest and professor
Wyszyński celebrated his first Solemn High Mass of Thanksgiving, at Jasna Góra in Częstochowa, a place of special spiritual significance for many Catholic Poles. The Pauline monastery there holds the picture of the Black Madonna, or Our Lady of Częstochowa, the patron saint and guardian of Poland. Father Wyszyński spent the next four years in Lublin, where in 1929 he received a doctorate at the Faculty of Canon Law and the Social Sciences of the Catholic University of Lublin. His dissertation in Canon Law was entitled The Rights of the Family, Church and State to Schools. For several years after graduation he traveled throughout Europe, where he furthered his education.
After returning to Poland, Father Wyszyński began teaching at the seminary in Włocławek. When the Second World War broke out with the German invasion of Poland in 1939, he was forced to leave Włocławek because he was wanted by the local Nazi Germans on account of his position as an influential pastor for the local population. At the request of Bishop Kozal, he went to Laski near Warsaw. When the Warsaw Uprising broke out on 1 August 1944, he adopted the nom de guerre "Radwan II" and became chaplain of the insurgents' hospital in Laski, and of the Żoliborz military district of the Armia Krajowa, the Polish underground resistance organisation.
During the Nazi occupation of Poland, Wyszyński aided several Jews. In the fall of 1941, the future cardinal had arrived in Żułów to an estate run by Franciscan nuns to hide from the Gestapo. While there, Wyszyński and another man helped hide a Jewish widower and his two children - who would later be denounced by a Ukrainian nationalist and killed by the Germans - in an attic. Additionally, in a testimony by Esther Grinberg available at the Yad Vashem Institute in Jerusalem, she mentions twice that she had survived the Holocaust by Poles who had hid her after Wyszyński had implored them to save Jews who "were running from the fire" after the destruction of the Warsaw Ghetto.[2][3]
In 1945, a year after end of war in the area, Wyszyński returned to Włocławek, where he started a restoration project for the devastated seminary, becoming its rector as well as the chief editor of a Catholic weekly.
Bishop
Just a year later, on 25 March 1946, Pope Pius XII appointed him Bishop of Lublin; he was consecrated by Cardinal August Hlond on 12 May that year. After the death of Cardinal Hlond on 22 October 1948, he was named Metropolitan Archbishop of Gniezno and Warsaw, and thus Primate of Poland, on 12 November 1948. As the cardinal lay dying, he had asked that Wyszyński's name be forwarded to Rome as a potential replacement, of course, the name had already been sent to Rome without them knowing of Hlond's request.
Post-war resistance to Communism
World War II ended in 1945; however, beginning in the eastern portion of present-day Poland, and later in the west, hostilities continued for several years between a large segment of native Poles and the Stalinist government. The Catholic Church hoped for the return of the Polish government-in-exile from London and the removal of Stalin's puppet regime and therefore actively supported the anti-Communists. One of the prime issues was the confiscation of properties for public use, for secular schools and for distribution among farmers. In 1950, Archbishop Wyszyński decided to enter into a secret agreement with the Communist authorities, which was signed on 14 April 1950 by the Polish episcopate and the government. The agreement settled the political disputes of the Church versus the government in Poland. It allowed the Church to hold onto "reasonable" property, separated the church from politics, prohibited religious indoctrination in public schools, and even allowed authorities to select a bishop from a list of three candidates. Karol Wojtyla would be selected in such a manner.
Beginning in 1953, another wave of persecution swept Poland. When the bishops continued support for resistance, mass trials and the internment of priests began–the now-Cardinal Wyszyński being among the victims. On 25 September 1953 he was imprisoned at Rywałd, and later placed under house arrest in Stoczek near Lidzbark Warmiński, in Prudnik near Opole and in the Komańcza monastery in the Bieszczady Mountains. While imprisoned, he observed the brutal torture and mistreatment of the detainees, some of it highly perverse in nature. He was released on 26 October 1956.
Kielce pogrom
In the aftermath of the 1946 Kielce pogrom, Wyszyński was approached by a Jewish delegation seeking his aid. Wyszyński stated that the popular hatred of Jews was caused by Jewish support for Communism (there was widespread perception in Poland after 1945 that Jews were supportive of the newly installed Communist regime; see Żydokomuna), which had also been the reason why "the Germans murdered the Jewish nation". Wyszyński also gave some credence to blood libel rumours, commenting that the question of the use of Christian blood was never completely clarified.[4]
Cardinal and Primate of Poland
On 12 January 1953, Wyszyński was elevated to the rank of Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere by Pope Pius XII.
He never stopped his religious and social work. Its crowning achievement was the celebration of Poland's Millennium of Christianity in 1966 – the thousandth anniversary of the baptism of Poland's first prince, Mieszko I. During the celebration, the Communist authorities refused to allow Pope Paul VI to visit Poland and they also prevented Cardinal Wyszyński from attending overseas celebrations. Wyszyński triumphed in 1978, when Karol Wojtyła of Kraków was elected Pope John Paul II, followed by a spectacular papal visit to Poland in 1979. Wyszyński did not turn a blind eye towards the civil unrest in 1980. When the Solidarity trade union was created in Poland, he appealed to both sides, the government as well as the striking workers, to be responsible for their actions.
Cardinal Wyszyński, often called the Primate of the Millennium, died on 28 May 1981 at the age of 79 of abdominal cancer. He is buried in St. John's Archcathedral in Warsaw. The cardinal, who had heard of the assassination attempt on the pope, offered his own life for that of the pontiff's.
To commemorate the twentieth anniversary of his death, the year 2001 was announced by the Sejm as the Year of Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński. The Sejm also honoured the Cardinal as a "great Pole, chaplain and statesman".
Legacy
In 1981 Krzysztof Penderecki composed the Agnus Dei of his Polish Requiem in his memory. In 2000, a motion picture was made about the life and imprisonment of Wyszyński. The Primate – Three Years Out of a Thousand was directed by Teresa Kotlarczyk. The title role was played by Andrzej Seweryn.
In the CBS miniseries Pope John Paul II (based on the life of the Polish pope), Cardinal Wyszyński was portrayed by English actor Christopher Lee.
Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, earlier the Warsaw Theological Academy, was renamed for him. The Museum of John Paul II and Primate Wyszyński is being constructed at the Temple of Divine Providence in Warsaw.
Cause of beatification
Nihil obstat was declared for the late cardinal on 26 April 1989 at the behest of Pope John Paul II. Therefore, he now has the title of Servant of God, the first step on the road to sainthood. The diocesan process of the cause commenced on 29 May 1989 and it concluded its business on 6 February 2001; the process was ratified by the Congregation for the Causes of Saints on 8 February 2002 in Rome. The Positio was assembled and was submitted to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints in November 2015 in which documents were submitted to the Cardinal Prefect Angelo Amato from Cardinal Kazimierz Nycz.[5]
Theologians met to discuss the contents of the Positio on 26 April 2016 and voted in favor of the late cardinal's life of heroic virtue. It must be passed onto the members of the C.C.S. before receiving papal approval.
An investigation on a diocesan level was initiated on 27 March 2012 for an alleged miracle attributed to him which concluded its business on 28 May 2013; the process was validated on 10 October 2014. The documentation shall proceed to Rome for further evaluation, only after the declaration of his heroic virtue.[6][7]
The next step for the cause is for an official recognition of heroic virtue in a papal decree. If this happens then the late cardinal can be called "Venerable".
See also
Bibliography
- Czaczkowska E., Kardynał Wyszyński, Świat Książki, Warszawa 2009, ISBN 978-83-247-1341-7;
- Micewski A., Kardynał Wyszyński. Prymas i mąż stanu, Éditions du Dialogue, Paris 1982, ISBN 2-85316-038-6;
- Romaniuk M.P., Prymas Wyszyński. Biografia i wybrane źródła, Gaudentinum, Gniezno 2001, ISBN 83-87926-50-7;
- Szeloch H., Rodzina wobec pomocniczości i dobra wspólnego w nauczaniu społecznym Stefana Kardynała Wyszyńskiego – Prymasa Polski, PWT Wrocław 1988.
References
- ↑ "Wloclawek: the intention of the beatification of the Primate of the Millennium". Civitas Christiana. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
- ↑ Tomasz Krzyżak (16 February 2016). "Nieznane oblicze kard. Wyszyńskiego". Rzeczpospolita. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
- ↑ Paweł Rytel-Andrianik (20 January 2015). "The Unknown Side of Cardinal Wyszyński". Zenit News Agency. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
- ↑ Eli Lederhendler (2005). Jews, Catholics, and the Burden of History. Oxford University Press. p. 37. ISBN 0-19-530491-8.
- ↑ "Closer to the beatification of Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński. A spokesman for the Archdiocese of Warsaw: completed the next stage". Republika. 14 September 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
- ↑ "Primate Wyszynski – why a saint?". Sunday Catholic Weekly. 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
- ↑ "Cardinal Wyszynski on the way to the altars". Sunday Catholic Weekly. 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
External links
- Rooney, David M., Religion and nationalism in Soviet and East European politics, National Review; 11/7/1986.
| Catholic Church titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by August Hlond |
Primate of Poland 1948–1981 |
Succeeded by Józef Glemp |
| Archbishop of Gniezno 1948–1981 | ||
| Archbishop of Warsaw 1948–1981 | ||
| Preceded by Marian Leon Fulman |
Bishop of Lublin 4 March 1946 – 12 November 1948 |
Succeeded by Piotr Kałwa |
| Preceded by Pedro Segura y Saenz |
Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere 18 July 1957 – 28 May 1981 |
Succeeded by Józef Glemp |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stefan Wyszyński. |