Liberalism and radicalism in Romania
This article gives an overview of Liberalism and Radicalism in Romania. It is limited to liberal parties with substantial support, mainly proved by having had a representation in parliament. The sign ⇒ denotes another party in this scheme. For inclusion in this scheme it is not necessary for a party to have actually labeled itself as a liberal party.
Background
Liberalism has always during democratic periods been of the major forces in Romania, mainly organized in the National Liberal Party. Often there were spin-offs of this party. At the moment the National Liberal Party (Partidul Naţional Liberal, member LI, ELDR) is a right-wing liberal party.
History
Precursors
- 1822: Ionică Tăutu, representing a group of low-ranking boyars in Moldavia, proposed a constitutional project with republican and liberal principles
- 1834: Ion Câmpineanu leads the liberal opposition to Russian influence in Wallachia's National Assembly
- 1840: Mitică Filipescu led a radical, carbonari-inspired conspiracy in Wallachia
- 1840: Mihail Kogălniceanu published the short-lived Dacia Literară, a Romantic nationalist and liberal magazine, engendering a literary society
- 1843: Nicolae Bălcescu and others led the Frăţia radical conspiracy in Wallachia
- 1845: Radical students from both Wallachia and Moldavia founded Societatea Studenţilor Români (the "Society of Romanian Students") in Paris
- 1848: The unsuccessful Moldavian revolution, during which Moldavian liberals issued a Petition-Proclamation
- 1848: The liberal-minded Blaj Assemblies in Transylvania, in the context of revolutions inside the Austrian Empire
- 1848: The Wallachian revolution - liberals formed a Provisional Government in Bucharest, and were divided over the issue of land reform, with a radical current forming around Bălcescu
- 1856: The liberal current formed the majority in Partida Naţională, a loose group supporting the union of the Danubian Principalities
- 1859: After the union, liberals formed a distinct faction in the Parliament of Romania
- 1864: Domnitor Alexandru Ioan Cuza established a personal regime, in order to pass liberal legislation against mounting opposition
- 1866: Mainstream liberals supported Cuza's removal from the throne; a faction of the liberal current opposed to the new constitution formed the Moldavian-based Fracţiunea liberă şi independentă, influenced by Simion Bărnuțiu and led by Nicolae Ionescu
National Liberal Party
- 1875: The liberal current organised itself in the National Liberal Party (Partidul Naţional-Liberal), led by Ion Brătianu
- 1884: A faction formed the Radical Party, led by C.A. Rosetti and George Panu
- 1899: The National Liberal Party absorbs the right-wing of the Romanian Social-Democratic Workers' Party
- 1918: The Peasants' Party absorbs a left-wing tendency in the National Liberal Party formed around Constantin Stere
- 1929: A faction formed the ⇒ National Liberal Party-Brătianu
- 1931: A faction formed the Liberal Democratic Party, which remained unsuccessful. The same year a majority of the Brătianu party returned in the National Liberal Party
- 1938: The rest of the Brătianu party returned in the National Liberal Party
- 1938: The party is banned by King Carol II
- 1944: The party resumed its activities
- 1944: A faction formed the ⇒ National Liberal Party-Tătărescu
- 1947: The Brătianu faction dissolves itself
- 1990: A party claiming the National Liberal legacy is founded by Radu Câmpeanu
- 1990: A youth faction of the National Liberal Party formed the ⇒ Liberal Party Youth Wing
- 1991: A faction formed the ⇒ National Liberal Party-Democratic Convention
- 1995: The ⇒ Liberal party 1993 merged into the National Liberal Party, the ⇒ National Liberal Party-Câmpeanu seceded from the party
- 1998: The party absorbed the ⇒ Civic Alliance Party
- 2002: The Alliance for Romania (Alianţa pentru România) merged into the National Liberal Party
- 2003: The Union of Right-Wing Forces (Uniunea Forţelor de Dreapta) and the ⇒ National Liberal Party-Câmpeanu merged into the party
National Liberal Party-Brătianu
- 1929: A faction of the ⇒ National Liberal Party formed the National Liberal Party-Brătianu (Partidul Naţional-Liberal-Brătianu)
- 1931: Most of the party returned to the National Liberal Party
- 1938: The party reunited with the National Liberal Party
National Liberal Party-Tătărescu
- 1944: A faction of the ⇒ National Liberal Party formed the National Liberal Party-Tătărescu (Partidul Naţional-Liberal (Tătărescu))
- 1945: The party ran in elections with the Romanian Communist Party
- 1950: The party ceases political activity
From National Liberal Party Youth Wing to Liberal Party 1993
- 1990: A youth faction of the ⇒ National Liberal Party formed the National Liberal Party Youth Wing (Partidul Naţional-Liberal Aripa Tînără)
- 1992: The party was renamed Liberal Party (Partidul Liberal), led by Horia Rusu
- 1993: The Liberal Party merged with the ⇒ National Liberal Party-Democratic Convention and the Group for Moral and Political Reforms into the Liberal Party 1993 (Partidul Liberal 1993), joined by a faction of the ⇒ Civic Alliance Party
- 1995: The party merged into the ⇒ National Liberal Party
Civic Alliance Party
- 1991: A section of the Civic Alliance non-governmental organization established the Civic Alliance Party (Partidul Alianţa Civică), led by Nicolae Manolescu
- 1993: A faction joined the ⇒ Liberal Party 1993
- 1998: The party merged into the ⇒ National Liberal Party
National Liberal Party-Democratic Convention
- 1991: A faction of the ⇒ National Liberal Party formed the National Liberal Party-Democratic Convention (Partidul Naţional-Liberal-Convenţia Democrată)
- 1993: The party merged into the ⇒ Liberal Party 1993
National Liberal Party-Câmpeanu
- 1995: A faction of the ⇒ National Liberal Party formed the National Liberal Party-Câmpeanu (Partidul Naţional-Liberal-Câmpeanu)
- 2003: The party merged into the ⇒ National Liberal Party
PNL leaders
No. | Name | Term start | Term end |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Ion Brătianu | 1875 | 1891 |
2 | Dumitru Brătianu | 1891 | 1892 |
3 | Dimitrie Sturdza | 1892 | 1908 |
4 | Ion I. C. Brătianu | 1908 | 24 November 1927 |
5 | Vintilă Brătianu | November/December 1927 | 1930 |
6 | Ion Duca | 1930 | 30 December 1933 |
7 | Dinu Brătianu | December 1933 | 1948 |
none (party abolished by the new communist government) | 1948 | 1990 | |
8 | Radu Câmpeanu | 1990 | 1993 |
9 | Mircea Ionescu Quintus | 1993 | 2001 |
10 | Valeriu Stoica | 2001 | 2002 |
11 | Theodor Stolojan | 2002 | October 2004 |
12 | Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu | October 2004 | March 2009 |
13 | Crin Antonescu | March 2009 | June 2014 |
14 | Klaus Iohannis | June 2014 | December 2014 |
15 | Alina Gorghiu | December 2014 | |
See also
External links
- (Romanian) Ioan Scurtu, Theodora Stănescu-Stanciu, Georgiana Margareta Scurtu, Istoria românilor între anii 1918-1940: IV. Partidele politice în primul deceniu interbelic (political programs of major parties in interwar Romania)
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