Verkhnetoyemsky District

Verkhnetoyemsky District
Верхнетоемский район (Russian)

Location of Verkhnetoyemsky District in Arkhangelsk Oblast
Coordinates: 61°15′N 46°39′E / 61.250°N 46.650°E / 61.250; 46.650Coordinates: 61°15′N 46°39′E / 61.250°N 46.650°E / 61.250; 46.650
Coat of arms
Location
Country Russia
Federal subject Arkhangelsk Oblast[1]
Administrative structure (as of 2013)
Administrative center selo of Verkhnyaya Toyma[2]
Administrative divisions:[2]
Selsoviets 14
Inhabited localities:[2]
Rural localities 287
Municipal structure (as of June 2014)
Municipally incorporated as Verkhnetoyemsky Municipal District[3]
Municipal divisions:[3]
Urban settlements 0
Rural settlements 8
Statistics
Area 20,400 km2 (7,900 sq mi)[4]
Population (2010 Census) 17,060 inhabitants[5]
• Urban 0%
• Rural 100%
Density 0.84/km2 (2.2/sq mi)[6]
Time zone MSK (UTC+03:00)[7]
Established April 10, 1924[8]
Official website
Verkhnetoyemsky District on WikiCommons

Verkhnetoyemsky District (Russian: Верхнето́емский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion), one of the twenty-one in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia.[1] Municipally, it is incorporated as Verkhnetoyemsky Municipal District.[3] It is located in the southeast of the oblast and borders with Pinezhsky District in the north, Udorsky District of the Komi Republic in the east, Krasnoborsky and Ustyansky Districts in the south, Shenkursky District in the west, and with Vinogradovsky District in the northwest. Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Verkhnyaya Toyma.[2] District's population: 17,060 (2010 Census);[5] 22,630 (2002 Census);[9] 27,989 (1989 Census).[10] The population of Verkhnyaya Toyma accounts for 20.3% of the district's total population.[5]

History

A wooden bridge in the selo of Verkhnyaya Toyma

The area was originally populated by the Finno-Ugric peoples and then colonized by the Novgorod Republic. After the fall of Novgorod, the area became a part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Toyma was first mentioned in the chronicles in 1137 as a point where the indigenous population had to bring tribute (fur), although it is not clear whether this Toyma refers to the present-day Verkhnyaya Toyma. From 1552, Verkhnyaya Toyma has been a local administration center.[11]

In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great, the area was included into Archangelgorod Governorate, In 1780, the governorate was abolished and transformed into Vologda Viceroyalty. In 1918, the area was transferred to the newly formed Northern Dvina Governorate, and in 1924 the uyezds were abolished in favor of the new divisions, the districts (raions). Verkhnetoyemsky District was created on April 10, 1924 and included a part of the former Solvychegodsky Uyezd. Verkhnetoyemsky District had the largest area and was the least populous among the districts of Northern Dvina Governorate.[11]

In the following years, the district remained in the same borders, but the first-level administrative division of Russia kept changing. In 1929, Northern Dvina Governorate was merged into Northern Krai, which in 1936 was transformed into Northern Oblast. In 1937, Northern Oblast was split into Arkhangelsk Oblast and Vologda Oblast. Verkhnetoyemsky District remained in Arkhangelsk Oblast ever since.

From 1924 to 1959, Cherevkovsky District existed, with the administrative center in Cherevkovo, initially in Northern Dvina Governorate. On September 11, 1959, the district was abolished and split between Krasnoborsky, Verkhnetoyemsky, and Ustyansky Districts; the administrative center of Cherevkovo became a part of Krasnoborsky District.

Geography

The district is located on both banks of the Northern Dvina River; the left-bank-part of the district is considerably smaller than the right-hand-one. A major part of the district belongs to the drainage basin of the Northern Dvina and its major tributaries. The main (right-hand) Northern Dvina tributaries within the district are the Verkhnyaya Toyma and the Nizhnyaya Toyma Rivers. The central and eastern parts of the district belongs to the basin of the Pinega River with its main tributaries the Vyya (left) and the Ilesha (right). The Pinega flows through Verkhnetoyemsky District from south to north and joins the Northern Dvina outside the boundaries of the district. A minor area in the northeast of the district belongs to the basin of the Mezen River (not of the Northern Dvina basin). The whole area of the district drains into the White Sea.

Almost the whole of the district is covered by coniferous forests (taiga). The exception are the meadows in the floodplains.

Divisions

Administrative divisions

Administratively, the district is divided into fourteen selsoviets.[2] The only locality which previously had urban-type settlement status, Dvinskoy, was in 2004 downgraded in status to that of a rural locality. The following selsoviets have been established (the administrative centers are given in parentheses):

Municipal divisions

Municipally, the district is divided into eight rural settlements (the administrative centers are given in parentheses):

Economy

Before 1917, the main occupations of the population were hunting, wood distillation, and livestock production. Crop production was basically unknown, and regular shortages of bread had been recorded due to the seasonal inaccessibility of the area. Verkhnyaya Toyma was a major trade center due to the location on the Northern Dvina. The large-scale timber industry only took off in 1929, when Nizhnyaya Toyma Forest Production Company (Верхнетоемский леспромхоз) was established.[11] The agriculture is currently bankrupt and does not deliver any products.[11]

Industry

The basis of the economy of the district is timber industry.

Transportation

The Northern Dvina is navigable, although there is only local passenger navigation.

There is a road connecting Kotlas and Arkhangelsk on the left bank of the Northern Dvina River. There are also local roads. There is regular passenger bus traffic over the district, and also from Krasnoborsk to Arkhangelsk. The right bank of the Northern Dvina River (including Verkhnyaya Toyma) is not connected by the all-season roads to the main road network.

There is an airport in Verkhnyaya Toyma, which used to generate considerable passenger traffic in the 1980s, but is now defunct.

Culture and recreation

Red (day) and black (night) horses. Fragment of a spinning distaff board from the Nizhnyaya Toyma area

The district contains four objects classified as cultural and historical heritage by the Russian Federal law, and additionally seventy-five objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local importance.[12][13] Most of these are wooden churches and wooden rural houses built before 1917.

The four objects protected at the federal level are:

The only state museum in the district is Verkhnyaya Toyma District Museum in Verkhnyaya Toyma[14]

Nizhnyaya Toyma painting school

Nizhnetoyemskaya Volost (now Nizhnetoyemsky Selsoviet) was a center of traditional wood painting crafts in the 19th and 20th centuries. The paintings are typically in black and red colors over a yellow background.[15] Their favorite motifs were the Sirin Bird and the black horses, symbols of a wealthy household.[15] By the 1970s, the craft went into decline.

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 Law #65-5-OZ
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 11 208», в ред. изменения №259/2014 от 12 декабря 2014 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division . Code 11 208, as amended by the Amendment #259/2014 of December 12, 2014. ).
  3. 1 2 3 Law #258-vneoch.-OZ
  4. ↑ Верхнетоемский район (in Russian). Двина-Информ. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
  5. 1 2 3 Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  6. ↑ The value of density was calculated automatically by dividing the 2010 Census population by the area specified in the infobox. Please note that this value is only approximate as the area specified in the infobox does not necessarily correspond to the area of the entity proper or is reported for the same year as the population.
  7. ↑ Правительство Российской Федерации. Федеральный закон №107-ФЗ от 3 июня 2011 г. «Об исчислении времени», в ред. Федерального закона №271-ФЗ от 03 июля 2016 г. «О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об исчислении времени"». Вступил в силу по истечении шестидесяти дней после дня официального опубликования (6 августа 2011 г.). Опубликован: "Российская газета", №120, 6 июня 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #107-FZ of June 31, 2011 On Calculating Time, as amended by the Federal Law #271-FZ of July 03, 2016 On Amending Federal Law "On Calculating Time". Effective as of after sixty days following the day of the official publication.).
  8. ↑ Перечень памятных дат в 2009 году по муниципальному образованию "Верхнетоемский муниципальный район" (in Russian). Администрация муниципального образования "Верхнетоемский муниципальный район". Archived from the original on March 24, 2012. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
  9. ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian). Retrieved August 9, 2014.
  10. ↑ Demoscope Weekly (1989). "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров" [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Историческая справка (in Russian). Администрация муниципального образования "Верхнетоемский муниципальный район". Retrieved August 26, 2011.
  12. ↑ Памятники истории и культуры народов Российской Федерации (in Russian). Russian Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
  13. ↑ Список памятников Архангельской области (in Russian). Администрация Архангельской области. August 13, 1998. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
  14. ↑ Верхне-Тоемский историко-краеведческий музей (in Russian). Российская сеть культурного наследия. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
  15. 1 2 Yury Arbat (in Russian) (1968). Puteshestvie za krasotoy (Путешествие за красотой). Kultura, Moscow. Chapter 1, chapter 2.

Sources

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 9/13/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.