Victor Goldschmidt

Victor Moritz Goldschmidt
Young Victor Goldschmidt
Born	(1888-01-27)January 27, 1888 Zürich, Switzerland
Died	March 20, 1947(1947-03-20) (aged 59) Oslo, Norway
Fields	Geochemistry
Institutions	University of Oslo
Alma mater	University of Oslo
Thesis	Die Kontaktmetamorphose im Kristianiagebiet and Geologisch-petrographische Studien im Hochgebirge des südlichen Norwegens (1911)
Doctoral advisor	Waldemar C. Brøgger
Doctoral students	Brian Harold Mason
Known for	Geochemistry
Influenced	Alfred Edward Ringwood
Notable awards	Foreign Member of the Royal Society Elliott Cresson Medal (1903) Wollaston Medal (1944)

Victor Moritz Goldschmidt ForMemRS^[1] (Zürich, January 27, 1888 – March 20, 1947, Oslo)^[2][3][4][5] was a mineralogist considered (together with Vladimir Vernadsky) to be the founder of modern geochemistry and crystal chemistry, developer of the Goldschmidt Classification of elements.

Early life and career

Goldschmidt was born in Zürich. His Jewish parents, Heinrich Jacob Goldschmidt and Amelie Koehne named their son after a colleague of Heinrich, Victor Meyer. There was a history of great scientists and philosophers in both families. The Goldschmidt family came to Norway 1901 when Heinrich Goldschmidt took over a chair as Professor of Chemistry in Kristiania (Oslo).

Goldschmidt’s first important contribution was within the field of geology and mineralogy. His two first larger works were his doctoral thesis Die Kontaktmetamorphose im Kristianiagebiet and Geologisch-petrographische Studien im Hochgebirge des südlichen Norwegens.

New theories

Victor Moritz Goldschmidt (right), 1915

A series of publications under the title Geochemische Verteilungsgesetze der Elemente (geochemical laws of distribution of the elements)^[6] is usually referred to as the start of geochemistry, the science that describes the distribution of the chemical elements in nature. It was in this book that he coined the term lanthanide contraction.

Goldschmidt classification in the periodic table 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Group → ↓ Period 1 1 H 2 He 2 3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne 3 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 4 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 5 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe 6 55 Cs 56 Ba 72 Hf 73 Ta 74 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 7 87 Fr 88 Ra 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Rg 112 Cn 113 Nh 114 Fl 115 Mc 116 Lv 117 Ts 118 Og   57 La 58 Ce 59 Pr 60 Nd 61 Pm 62 Sm 63 Eu 64 Gd 65 Tb 66 Dy 67 Ho 68 Er 69 Tm 70 Yb 71 Lu 89 Ac 90 Th 91 Pa 92 U 93 Np 94 Pu 95 Am 96 Cm 97 Bk 98 Cf 99 Es 100 Fm 101 Md 102 No 103 Lr Goldschmidt classification: Lithophile Siderophile Chalcophile Atmophile Synthetic

Achievements

Few Norwegian scientisis made such an early and rapid career as Goldschmidt. He secured a post-doctoral fellowship from the university at the age of 21 (1909). He obtained his Norwegian doctor’s degree when he was 23 years old (1911).

In 1912 Goldschmidt got the most distinguished Norwegian scientific award (the Fridtjof Nansen belonning) for his dissertation on the topic of Die Kontaktmetamorphose im Kristianiagebiet ("The contact metamorphism around Kristiania). The same year he was made Docent (Associate Professor) of Mineralogy and Petrography at the University of Oslo (known at that time as "Det Kongelige Frederiks Universitet").

In 1914 he applied for a professorship in Stockholm. The selecting committee unanimously chose Goldschmidt for the chair. But before the Swedish king had made the final official approbation, the University of Kristiania (as the city of Oslo was known from 1877 to 1925) was able to secure him a similar chair. This was quite an unusual procedure and speed for appointing a professor. In 1929 Goldschmidt was called to the chair of mineralogy in Göttingen, but he had to leave this position a few years after the Nazis came to power, and he returned to Oslo in 1935. From 1930 to 1933, Reinhold Mannkopff and Fritz Laves were assistants to Goldschmidt at Göttingen.

Later life

On October 26, 1942, Goldschmidt was arrested at the orders of the German occupying powers as part of the persecution of Jews in Norway during World War II. Initially held in Bredtveit concentration camp for two days and then in Berg concentration camp, he was released on 5 November, only to be rearrested on 25 November.^[7] However, as he was on the pier and about to be deported to Auschwitz, when he was held back in Norway on the condition that he lend his scientific expertise to help German authorities. Goldschmidt later fled to Sweden and went on to England (where some of the Koehne family lived, and still reside today).

His activities in England were described on the 60th anniversary of his death, by the Geological Society in "Goldschmidt in England".^[8]

The account states that he was flown to England on March 3, 1943 by a British intelligence unit, and provided information about technical developments in Norway. After a short period of uncertainty about his future status, he was assigned to the Macaulay Institute for Soil Research (in Aberdeen) of the Agricultural Research Council. He participated in discussions about the German use of raw materials and production of heavy water. He attended open meetings in Cambridge, Manchester, Sheffield, Edinburgh and Aberdeen and lectured at the British Coal Utilisation Research Association on the presence of rare elements in coal ash.

His British professional associates and contacts included Leonard Hawkes, C E Tilley and W H Bragg, J D Bernal, Dr W G (later Sir William) Ogg. While at the Macaulay Institute, Goldschmidt was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society,^[1] awarded the Wollaston Medal, and an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) by the University of Aberdeen.

He moved from Aberdeen to Rothamsted, where he was popular and nicknamed ‘Goldie’. However, he wanted to go back to Oslo – not welcomed by all Norwegians – and returned there on 26 June 1946, but died soon after, at age 59.

A larger work, Geochemistry, was edited and published posthumously in England in 1954.

He was created a Knight of the Order of St. Olav in 1929.

The mountain ridge Goldschmidtfjella in Oscar II Land at Spitsbergen is named after him.^[9]

See also

• Goldschmidt classification
• Goldschmidt Tolerance Factor

References

External links

• Goldschmidt Conference
• Victor Goldschmidt biography
• Weintraub, B. (2005) "Victor Moritz Goldschmidt. Father of Modern Geochemistry and of Crystal Chemistry", Chemistry in Israel, Bull. Isr. Chem. Soc., Issue 20, December 2005. p 42-46.