February 1962

February 20, 1962: John Glenn becomes first American in orbit

February 14, 1962: Jackie Kennedy gives American TV viewers White House tour

The following events occurred in February 1962:

February 1, 1962 (Thursday)

• U.S. President Kennedy delivered "the first presidential message entirely devoted to public welfare",^[1] proposing that federal aid to the poor be extended to include job training programs and day care for children of working parents.^[2]
• The 1962 United States Figure Skating Championships began in Boston, Massachusetts.
• The Soviet Union and Ghana ratified a $42,000,000,000 trade pact, with Soviet engineers to assist in the construction of new industries and railroad lines in the West African nation.^[3]
• Died: Thomas Westropp Bennett, 95, Irish politician; and Elise Cowen, 28, American poet and girlfriend of Allen Ginsberg, by suicide.

February 2, 1962 (Friday)

• John Uelses became the first person to surpass 16 feet in the pole vault, clearing the mark by a quarter inch at the Millrose Games in New York City. Uelses was assisted by use of a pole made of fiberglass.^[4] Prior to 1930, existing techniques limited the maximum height of vaulting to 14 feet. After Cornelius Warmerdam cleared 15 feet in 1942, the 16 foot barrier had been pursued for more than twenty years.^[5]
• Operation Ranch Hand: Three U.S. Air Force officers were killed when their Fairchild C-123 Provider became the first USAF plane to be lost in Vietnam. The cause of the crash was not determined, although the concern, that it was shot down by Communist insurgents, led to orders that the defoliant spraying aircraft receive a fighter escort.^[6]
• Pope John XXIII announced the date for "Vatican II", the first worldwide conclave of the Roman Catholic Church in almost 100 years, to begin in Rome on October 11.^[7]
• The last underground shift was worked at the colliery in Radcliffe, Northumberland.^[8]
• The Soviet Union conducted its very first underground nuclear test. Previously, the Soviets had conducted all of its atomic and hydrogen bomb explosions in the atmosphere, including more than fifty since ending a moratorium on testing.^[9]
• Died: Alexander Lion, 91, co-founder of the German scout movement

February 3, 1962 (Saturday)

• The United States embargo against Cuba was announced by President Kenedy, prohibiting "the importation into the United States of all goods of Cuban origin and all goods imported from or through Cuba".^[10] Presidential Proclamation 3447 was made pursuant to the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, "effective 12:01 A.M., Eastern Standard Time, February 7, 1962".^[11]
• At 7:05 am Indian Standard Time (0135 UTC), a "doomsday period" (as predicted by Hindu astrologers, began. It was reported that the astrologers had predicted that on Saturday, Sunday and Monday, the earth would be "bathed in the blood of thousands of kings" because of the alignment of six planets, the Earth, the Sun and the Moon.^[12] In Britain, Aetherias Society director Keith Robertson would spend February 4th awaiting disaster along with many of the society's members. He had forecast that "very soon the world will do a 'big flip' when the poles will change places with the equator... 75 percent of the world's population will be killed,", but the alignment and eclipse ended without any notable disaster.^[13]
• Luther Lindsay & Ricky Waldo won the All Asia Tag Team Championship in Tokyo.

February 4, 1962 (Sunday)

St. Jude's

• The St. Jude Children's Research Hospital opened in Memphis, Tennessee. American comedian Danny Thomas, the hospital's founder, told a crowd of 9,000 that "If I were to die this minute, I would know why I was born... Anyone may dream, but few have realized a dream as gargantuan as this one." Thomas said that he had made a vow in 1937, when he was unemployed and penniless, that he would build a shrine to Saint Jude Thaddaeus (patron saint of the lost and helpless) "if I made good". After becoming successful, he began raising funds in 1951. Fifty years later, the hospital was treating 7,800 children per year at no cost, and funding cancer research worldwide.^[14]
• Gnostic Philosopher Samael Aun Weor, declared February 4, 1962, to be the beginning of the "Age of Aquarius", heralded by the alignment of the first six planets, the Sun, the Moon, and the constellation Aquarius.^[15]
• The Sunday Times became the first paper in the United Kingdom to print a colour supplement. At the time that Colour Section was introduced, such supplements "were already commonplace in North America".^[16]
• Born: Clint Black, American country music singer, in Long Branch, New Jersey
• Died: Jacob Kramer, 69, UK-based Ukrainian painter

February 5, 1962 (Monday)

• During a solar eclipse, an extremely rare grand conjunction of the classical planets occurred, for the first time since 1821. It included all 5 of the naked-eye planets plus the Sun and Moon), all of them within 16° of one another on the ecliptic. Saturn, Jupiter, Mars and Venus were on one side of the Sun, while Mercury and Earth were on the opposite side. When the Moon crossed between the Earth and the Sun, the eclipse was visible over India, where predictions of the world's end had been made.
• According to famous psychic Jeane Dixon, a child was born "somewhere in the Middle East", who would "revolutionize the world and eventually unite all warring creeds and sects into one all-embracing faiths", and who would bring peace on Earth by 1999. The prediction, which did not come true as scheduled, was published in A Gift of Prophecy, the 1965 biography of Dixon by Ruth Montgomery.^[17]
• French President Charles de Gaulle informed the nation that he was negotiating with the FLN for the independence of Algeria, conditional on a guarantee of the rights of "the minority of European origin in Algerian activities", and "an effective association" between Algeria and France.^[18]

Starr

• Hours before the Beatles were scheduled to play at the Cavern Club, drummer Pete Best told his fellow musicians that he was ill and wouldn't be able to appear. Determined not to cancel the show, the group called around for a replacement and Ringo Starr, whose group had the day off, appeared in Best's place.^[19]
• In the Five Nations rugby union championship, England defeated Ireland 16-0 at Twickenham. Willie John McBride made his international debut in the match.
• Born: Jennifer Jason Leigh, American actress, in Hollywood as Jennifer Leigh Morrow; Jeremy Clarke, British-born poet
• Died: Jacques Ibert, 71, French composer

February 6, 1962 (Tuesday)

• The Warner Brothers studio outbid MGM for the movie rights to produce the Broadway hit musical, My Fair Lady, for the unprecedented price of USD$5,500,000. The deal included an agreement to pay the play's owners 47.5% of any gross revenues over $20,000,000 and a 5% of the distributors' gross to the estate of George Bernard Shaw, upon whose play Pygmalion, the Lerner & Loewe musical had been based. The bid was more than twice the old record, $2,270,000 paid by 20th Century Fox in 1958 for the rights to South Pacific.^[20]
• Spain selected its entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 1962; the winner was Víctor Balaguer with the song "Llámame", selected by representatives of regional radio stations.
• The city of Memphis, Tennessee, ordered the desegregation of its lunch counters, formerly limited to white customers only.^[21]
• Negotiations between U.S. Steel and the United States Department of Commerce began.
• Born: Axl Rose, American rock musician, as William Bruce Rose, later William Bruce Bailey, in Lafayette, Indiana
• Died: Candido Portinari, 58, Brazilian painter, of lead poisoning from paint

February 7, 1962 (Wednesday)

• A coal mine explosion in Saarland, West Germany killed 299 people. The blast occurred at the coal mine, located near Völklingen, at around 9:00 am.^[22]
• The United States Air Force announced that in the first 15 years of its Project Blue Book investigation of U.F.O. sightings, there was no evidence that any of the 7,369 unidentified flying object reports indicated a threat to national security, any technological advances "beyond the range of our present day scientific knowledge", and no sign of "extraterrestrial vehicles under intelligent controls".^[23]
• The United States government ban against all U.S.-related Cuban imports (and nearly all exports) went into effect at one minute after midnight. The next day, the Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R. approved a $133 million program of military aid to Cuba, after having delayed action on it for four months.^[24]
• Sam Snead won the Royal Poinciana Plaza Invitational, a tournament sponsored by the Ladies Professional Golf Association, where he was the lone man competing against 14 women pros. Snead, who had lost the tournament the year before to Louise Suggs, finished five strokes ahead of Mary Kathryn "Mickey" Wright.^[25] Snead the only man to ever win an official LPGA Tour event.^[26]
• The 1962 Copa Libertadores began.
• Born: Garth Brooks, American country musician, as Troyal Garth Brooks) in Tulsa, Oklahoma; David Bryan, American musician and keyboard player for Bon Jovi, in Perth Amboy, New Jersey; and Eddie Izzard, British comedian, in Aden, Yemen

February 8, 1962 (Thursday)

• Charonne "massacre": A demonstration against the Organisation de l'armée secrète, called for by the PCF (Communist Party), was repressed at Charonne metro station. Nine members of the Confédération Générale du Travail trade union were crushed after police chased a crowd down into the gates that closed off the subway station.^[27]
• The United States and the United Kingdom announced an agreement between the two nations to allow the U.S. to test nuclear weapons at Christmas Island, a British possession in the Pacific Ocean. "^[28]
• The British government announced that it would grant independence to Jamaica effective August 6, 1962.^[29]
• Born: George Widener, American mathematical prodigy,

February 9, 1962 (Friday)

• The Taiwan Stock Exchange began trading, with shares of 18 companies available for purchase and sale. Within 40 years, the number had increased to 584.^[30]
• Spain requested admission to the European Economic Community. Membership would not be approved until 1986.^[31]

February 10, 1962 (Saturday)

Powers

Abel

• At 8:52 a.m. local time, captured American spy pilot Francis Gary Powers was exchanged for captured Soviet spy Rudolf Abel in Berlin, at the Glienicke Bridge between Wannsee and Potsdam. Powers had been shot down over Russia on May 1, 1960 while flying a U-2 spyplane. Abel had been arrested in New York on June 21, 1957. Frederic L. Pryor, a 28-year-old American student who had been arrested in East Berlin on August 25, was released as part of the deal as well.^[32]
• Born: Cliff Burton, American bass guitarist for Metallica, in Castro Valley, California (killed in accident, 1986)

February 11, 1962 (Sunday)

• Negotiations, between the government of France and Algerian independence leaders, opened at Les Rousses, a remote village in the French Alps, leading to a preliminary agreement on a transitional government.^[33]
• Comedian June Carter became a permanent part of the tour of country music singer Johnny Cash, starting with a stop at Des Moines. The two would marry in 1968.^[34]
• The UK selects its entry for the 1962 Eurovision Song Contest from a shortlist of 12. The winner is "Ring-a-ding Girl" sung by Ronnie Carroll.
• Born: Sheryl Crow, American singer-songwriter, in Kennett, Missouri; Tammy Baldwin, first female U.S. Representative from Wisconsin, in Madison, Wisconsin; and Sandra Tsing Loh, American actress, performance artist and writer, in Malibu, California

February 12, 1962 (Monday)

• The body of British aviator Bill Lancaster was discovered almost 29 years after he had disappeared over the Sahara in the Southern Cross Minor. Lancaster had last been seen on April 12, 1933, when he took off from Reggane in French Algeria.^[35]
• The largest air search effort ever made in New Zealand commenced with the disappearance of five people on a scenic flight from Christchurch to Milford Sound. No trace of the aircraft, a Dragonfly ZK-AFB, has ever been found.^[36]
• Communist China created its first military aerobatic team of nine Shenyang J-5 airplanes of the People's Liberation Army Air Force, and now referred to as the "August 1 Team" in honor of the founding of the PLAAF.
• Six members of the Committee of 100 of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament were found guilty of a breach of the Official Secrets Act.
• Spike Milligan and John Antrobus's play, The Bed-Sitting Room, is premièred at the Marlowe Theatre in Canterbury.

February 13, 1962 (Tuesday)

• A crowd of between 150,000 and 500,000 people marched in Paris in the first massive protest against the continuing Algerian war, which had gone into its eighth year. The occasion was the funeral ceremony for five of the nine people who had been killed by police in the Charonne metro station the previous Thursday. With many of the participants walking off of their jobs to protest, business in Paris and much of France was brought to a halt.^[37]
• Born: May Sweet, Burmese singer and actress, in Yangon
• Died: Hugh Dalton, 74, Welsh politician and former UK Chancellor of the Exchequer

February 14, 1962 (Wednesday)

• "A Tour of the White House with Mrs. John F. Kennedy", produced by CBS News and hosted by American First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy and CBS reporter Charles Collingwood, was broadcast on television by CBS and on NBC at 10:00 pm Eastern time. Attracting 46,000,000 TV viewers, or three out of every four households in America, it was the highest rated television program up to that time. ABC television, which did not wish to share the $100,000 production cost for the commercial-free special, showed Naked City instead, and ran the program the following Sunday.^[38]

February 15, 1962 (Thursday)

• Urho Kekkonen was re-elected president of Finland. Kekkonen received 199 of 300 electoral votes, after winning the popular vote on January 15. Communist Party candidate was second, with 62 votes, and Social Democratic candidate Rafael Paasio got 37.^[39]
• In Elisabethville (now Lubumbashi), the legislature for the Republic of Katanga voted to ratify President Moise Tshombe's declaration that the breakaway state should end its secession and return to the Republic of the Congo.^[40]
• Born: Milo Đukanović, first President of Montenegro (1998-2002), and Prime Minister of Montenegro on multiple occasions between 1991 and 2010, in Nikšić; and June Marina Oswald, daughter of Lee Harvey Oswald and Marina Oswald, in Minsk, the U.S.S.R.
• Died: Menen Asfaw, 72, consort of Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia; and Regie Pink, 63, American motorcycle racer

February 16, 1962 (Friday)

• Indian general election, 1962: Voting in India's national election commenced, with 210 million voters going to the polls. There were 14,744 candidates for the 494 seats in the Lok Sabha and the 2,930 seats in the legislatures of 13 Indian states.^[41] The final result was that 119,904,284 eligible voters participated, and the Indian National Congress, led by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, won 361 (or about 73%) of the seats. The Communist Party of India was a distant second with 29 seats (6%).^[42]
• U.S. President Kennedy issued nine Executive Orders, numbered 10095 to 11105, delegating "emergency preparedness functions" for various federal agencies and departments, to be implemented in the event of a national emergency that required a declaration of martial law.^[43]
• Rioters in British Guiana (now Guyana set fire to much of the capital city of Georgetown, as Guianans of African descent attacked those of Indian descent. British troops were sent in to restore order.^[44]
• Died: Frank Prewett, 68, Canadian poet

February 17, 1962 (Saturday)

345 die in North Sea floods...

281 dead in Hamburg

• North Sea flood of 1962: Hurricane-force winds and heavy rains swept across West Germany's North Sea coast and sent the waters flooding over the seawalls. There were 345 deaths in West Germany, of which 281 died in Hamburg when the Elbe River overflowed. An estimated 500,000 people were left homeless.^[45]
• Richard Helms replaced Richard M. Bissell, Jr., as Director of the National Clandestine Service, a department of the US Central Intelligence Agency. Helms would, in 1966, become the Director of Central Intelligence.^[46]
• U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara outlined the doctrine of flexible response, the nuclear strategy of the Kennedy administration, in an address to the American Bar Foundation in Chicago. The plan called for building a large enough nuclear arsenal that the United States would have the ability to launch a second strike of nuclear missiles against the Soviets even after an initial exchange of destruction.^[47]
• After being rejected by both her lover, Richard Burton, and her husband, Eddie Fisher, actress Elizabeth Taylor attempted suicide by taking an overdose of Seconal sleeping pills. She was saved after being rushed to the Salvator Mundi Hospital in Rome, where she and Burton were filming Cleopatra. The 20th Century Fox studio invented a cover story that Taylor had become seriously ill from food poisoning.^[48]
• Born: David McComb, Australian rock musician (died 1999), in Perth
• Born: Lou Diamond Phillips, Director/Actor Still living
• Died: Joseph Kearns, an American actor who portrayed "Mr. Wilson" on the Dennis the Menace TV series, died at the age of 55 after collapsing from a cerebral hemorrhage the previous Sunday. Ironically, the plot for that Sunday evening's episode, "Where There's a Will", dealt with Kearns's character convinced that he had only a short time to live.^[49]
• Died: Bruno Walter, 85, German orchestral conductor^[50]

February 18, 1962 (Sunday)

• Two pilots of the French Air Force, described as "renegades", defied orders, broke away from a routine mission over French Algeria, flew their planes across the border into Morocco, and then attacked a rebel camp in the city of Oujda with rockets and machine gun fire. The two, believed to be members of the Organisation de l'armée secrète, then flew their planes to Saïda, Algeria, landed, and deserted.^[51]
• The 1962 Football Association of Ireland Challenge Cup tournament began.
• The FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1962 opened in Zakopane, Poland.
• Died: Salah Salem, 41, Egyptian soldier and politician, of chronic kidney disease; and Baron Long, 78, American hotelier gambling tycoon and operator of the Agua Caliente Racetrack and the Agua Caliente Casino and Hotel
• Born:Donald Logan Foster, guitarist, music teacher,in Atlanta, GA

February 19, 1962 (Monday)

• The Directorate of Science & Technology was established by CIA Director John A. McCone, as the Directorate of Research, part of McCone's reorganization of the Central Intelligence Agency.^[52]
• Rock musician Chuck Berry reported to the Federal Penitentiary in Terre Haute, Indiana, after his conviction for violating the Mann Act (in 1959) was affirmed. He would, after serving for 20 months of his three-year sentence, be released on October 18, 1963, and revive his career.^[53]
• A penumbral lunar eclipse took place.^[54]
• The town of Houghton, Iowa, was incorporated.^[55]
• Born: Germán Vargas Lleras, Colombian lawyer and politician, in Bogotá; Hana Mandlíková, Czech tennis player, in Prague
• Died: Edouard Dethier, 76, Belgian violinist and teacher

February 20, 1962 (Tuesday)

• Project Mercury: The United States placed an astronaut into orbit for the first time, as John Glenn was launched from Cape Canaveral aboard Friendship 7. Glenn was launched at 9:47 a.m. local time and attained orbit 12 minutes later. After three circuits of the Earth, Glenn left orbit at 2:20 p.m., landed in the Atlantic Ocean at 2:43, and was recovered by the destroyer U.S.S. Noa at 3:04.^[56] Glenn, the first American astronaut, would return to outer space on October 29, 1998, at the age of 77, becoming the oldest man to ever orbit the Earth.^[57]
• Died: Martin Lewis, 80, Australian-American artist

February 21, 1962 (Wednesday)

• Margot Fonteyn and Rudolf Nureyev first danced together, in a Royal Ballet performance of Giselle at Covent Garden in London, creating one of the greatest partnerships in the history of dance. Nureyev had defected from the U.S.S.R. almost eight months earlier on June 16, 1961. He and Fonteyn received 23 curtain calls from the audience.^[58]
• The first Samos-F satellite, also referred to as a "ferret satellite" because of its purpose of monitoring Soviet missiles and seeking out information, was launched from Cape Canaveral.^[59]
• Former Soviet Foreign Minister Dmitri Shepilov was expelled from the Soviet Communist Party, in retaliation for his role in a 1957 attempt to oust Nikita Khrushchev from power.^[60]
• On the day after John Glenn's historic flight, Soviet Premier Khrushchev sent a telegram to U.S. President Kennedy, proposing that the two nations co-operate on their space program. The first joint venture would take place in 1975.^[61]
• Born: Chuck Palahniuk, US novelist, in Pasco, Washington; David Foster Wallace, US novelist, in Ithaca, New York

February 22, 1962 (Thursday)

• Pope John XXIII signed Veterum Sapientia ("Ancient Wisdom") as an apostolic constitution, the highest possible papal decree. The declaration, published the next day, directed that Roman Catholic seminary students should not only be instructed on the use of the Latin language, but that lectures should be given in Latin, "a bond of unity between the Christian peoples of Europe". The Pope also prohibited priests from arguing against the use of Latin, and created an institute to create new words in Contemporary Latin to keep it apace of modern developments.^[62] In 1963, the second Vatican council would approve an order retaining Latin for specific rituals, but native languages for most other purposes.^[63]
• Sant'Atanasio in Rome was made a titular church as a seat for Cardinals, by Pope John XXIII.^[64]
• The collision of a freight train and a passenger train near Cali, Colombia, killed 40 passengers and injured 67 others.^[65]
• Born: Steve Irwin, Australian naturalist and broadcaster, in Essendon (killed 2006); and Miguel de León, Venezuelan actor, in Caracas

February 23, 1962 (Friday)

• Astronaut John Glenn arrived in Cape Canaveral to a hero's welcome and was reunited with his family for the first time since before going into space. U.S. President John F. Kennedy, for whom Cape Canaveral would be renamed during the 1960s, greeted Glenn and to personally award him the NASA Special Services Medal. Kennedy praised Glenn for "professional skill, unflinching courage and extraordinary ability to perform a most difficult task under physical stress."^[66] It was then that Glenn revealed in an interview that the heat shield on his capsule began to break up upon re-entry, the loss of which would have been fatal. Glenn calmly said, "it could have been a bad day for everybody".^[67]
• Born: Lise Haavik, Norwegian singer, in Narvik
• Died: James Halliday McDunnough, 84, Canadian entomologist who identified almost 1,500 different species of butterflies in North America

February 24, 1962 (Saturday)

• The United States government began its first telephone and television transmissions via satellite, bouncing signals off of Echo 1, which had been launched on August 12, 1960.^[68]
• Born: Larry Izamoje, Nigerian radio pioneer, in Onitsha; Michelle Shocked, American singer-songwriter
• Died: Hu Shih, 70, Chinese philosopher Henrik Sørensen, 80, Norwegian expressionist painter

February 25, 1962 (Sunday)

• The Judy Garland Show, a one-time special, appeared on CBS and received a 49.5 rating, the highest rating CBS had had for a variety show to that time. The success of the special led to a weekly series in 1963, which was cancelled after a year because of low ratings.^[69]
• Born: Birgit Fischer, German kayaker; Olympic gold medalist in 1980 and 1988, and world champion 1978-79, 1981–83, 1985 and 1987 for East Germany; Olympic gold medalist 1992, 1996, 2000 and 2004 and world champion 1993-95, 1997-98 for united Germany; in Brandenburg an der Havel, East Germany

February 26, 1962 (Monday)

• The Irish Republican Army officially called off its five-year Border Campaign in Northern Ireland. In press releases dropped off at newspapers there as well as in Ireland, the IRA publicity bureau wrote, "The Leadership of the Resistance Movement has ordered the termination of 'The Campaign of Resistance to British Occupation'... all arms and other materials have been dumped and all full-time active service volunteers have been withdrawn." With the exception of a series of 17 bank robberies to finance the organization, the IRA violence halted until 1969.^[70]
• Born: Etienne Ys, Netherlands Antilles politician, in Curaçao
• Died: Chic Johnson, 70, American comedian who had been half of the popular vaudeville act of Olsen and Johnson and creator of the musical revue Hellzapoppin (musical)^[71]

February 27, 1962 (Tuesday)

• 1962 South Vietnamese Independence Palace bombing: Sublieutenant Nguyễn Văn Cử and Lt. Phạm Phú Quốc, two members of the South Vietnamese Air Force, diverted from their combat mission south of Saigon and dropped bombs upon the presidential palace in an attempt to assassinate President Ngô Đình Diệm. One of the 500 pound bombs landed in the room where the President and his advisers were, but failed to detonate because it had been dropped from too low an altitude to arm itself. Quốc was arrested after being forced to land, while Cử fled to neighboring Cambodia. Both men would be reinstated to the Air Force after Diem's assassination in 1963.^[72]
• After getting word that U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy was preparing to fire him from his job as Director of the FBI, J. Edgar Hoover gave the Attorney General a memorandum of an FBI investigation of Judith Exner, noting that she had made phone calls to the private line of Robert's brother, U.S. President John F. Kennedy. Hoover remained FBI Director until his death in 1972.^[73]
• An explosion at the Tito Coal Mine in Banovici, in the Bosnia republic of Yugoslavia, trapped 177 miners underground. Rescuers were able to save 123 of the men, but 54 were trapped inside and died.^[74]
• The United Kingdom's House of Commons voted 277-170 in favor of the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962, designed to limit the immigration into Great Britain by residents of India, Pakistan, and the West Indies.^[75]
• Born: Adam Baldwin, American actor, in Chicago
• Died: Willie Best, 45, African-American actor

February 28, 1962 (Wednesday)

• A group of 15 American Jupiter missiles, with nuclear warheads, became operational at the Izmir U.S. Air Force Base at Çiğli, within range to strike the Soviet Union 1,000 miles away. The presence of American nuclear missiles in a nation bordering the U.S.S.R. would become an issue during the Cuban Missile Crisis, when Soviet nuclear missiles were brought to Cuba, within striking distance of the United States. The missiles were withdrawn from both Turkey and Cuba following the crisis.^[76]
• The Beatles appeared at the Cavern Club in Liverpool on a triple bill with Gerry & the Pacemakers and Johnny Sandon and the Searchers.^[77]
• Professor Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz y Menduiña of the University of Buenos Aires was given the honorary title of Prime Minister of the Spanish Republican government in Exile, holding the position for nine years.^[78]

References