January 1960

January 23, 1960: The bathyscaphe Trieste descends seven miles to the ocean floor

January 24, 1960: French Algerians erect the barricades

January 1, 1960: Independence for Cameroon

January 4, 1960: Albert Camus killed in auto accident

The following events occurred in January 1960:

January 1, 1960 (Friday)

• The Republic of Cameroun became independent at midnight local time (2300 12/31/59 GMT) with the lowering of the French tricolor, and the raising of a new tricolor (red, yellow and green) flag at Yaoundé. The former French Cameroons colony had been under a U.N. Trusteeship during a transition period, and Prime Minister Ahmadou Ahidjo headed the government pending the adoption of a constitution. United Nations Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld, along with Henry Cabot Lodge, the American Ambassador to the U.N., were present, along with the Soviet First Deputy Premier, Frol Kozlov, who announced that the Soviets would recognize the new government. Marxist Félix-Roland Moumié, who had previously been supported by the Soviet Union, continued to wage a campaign of terrorism against the Ahidjo government, and thirty people were killed on the Republic's first day.^[1]
• Midnight, January 1, 1960, is the point from which dates are measured under SAS System and Stata computer programming software.
• The symbolic "Doomsday Clock" on the cover of the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists was moved back five minutes, from "two minutes to midnight" (where it had been since 1953) to "seven minutes to midnight".^[2]
• Cities created through merger in Norway-- Smøla (from Edøy, Brattvær, and Hopen); Evje og Hornnes (from Evje and Hornnes); and Sirdal (from Tonstad and Øvre Sirdal).
• Died: Margaret Sullavan, 50, American film actress, drug overdose.
• Davey and Goliath is broadcast in the United States.

January 2, 1960 (Saturday)

• The temperature in Oodnadatta, South Australia, reached 50.7 °C (123.3 °F) in the shade, for what remains the highest temperature ever recorded in Australia.^[3]
• At the Senate Caucus room in Washington, U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts formally announced that he would seek the Democratic nomination for President of the United States. Addressing a question about whether being a Roman Catholic would affect his chances of winning, Senator Kennedy told "I would think that there is really only one issue involved in the whole question of a candidate's religion, that is, does a candidate believe in the separation of church and state?"^[4]
• Born: Naoki Urasawa, Japanese manga author, in Tokyo
• Died: Friedrich Adler, 80, Austrian assassin. Adler had killed Austrian Prime Minister Karl von Stürgkh in 1916.

January 3, 1960 (Sunday)

• The CBS Sports Spectacular made its debut at 3:00 EST, with Bud Palmer, with the aim of showing "sports you seldom see". The first show featured a complete game between basketball's Harlem Globetrotters and their foils at that time, the Baltimore Rockets.^[5]
• Born: Sandeep Marwah, Indian filmmaker, in New Delhi

January 4, 1960 (Monday)

• The EFTA Treaty was signed in Stockholm by Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, to form the European Free Trade Association, a 7-member alternative to nations that could not, or did not want, to be in the six-nation European Economic Community. The treaty took effect on May 3, 1960.^[6]
• The steel strike of 1959 was settled, three weeks before an injunction under the Taft-Hartley Act was set to expire, as Labor Secretary James P. Mitchell and Vice-President Richard M. Nixon mediated the dispute between the United Steelworkers Association and eleven steel manufacturers.^[7]
• Banks in France issued the first bills for the nouveau franc worth one hundred ancients francs, and brought back the centime coin, replacing the old franc. The new franc, at roughly five to U.S. dollar, had become legal tender on January 1. To prepare the French for the changeover, the old-style bills had been overstamped with new value and the initials "N.F."^[8]
• Born: Michael Stipe, American rock singer (R.E.M.), in Decatur, GA
• Died: Author Albert Camus was killed at 1:54 a.m. while riding as a passenger in a Facel-Vega sports car near the town of being driven by his publisher, Michel Gallimard. The car left the road near Villeneuve-la-Guyard, striking a tree. An unfinished, 144 page manuscript of Camus' latest novel, was found near the wreckage. The First Man would finally be published 35 years later.^[9]

January 5, 1960 (Tuesday)

• British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan began a six-week, 20,000-mile tour of Britain's current and former African colonies and meeting, not returning to London until February 15.^[10]
• Le Monde broke the news of a confidential report, made to the French government by the International Red Cross, documenting the French Army's torture in Algeria.^[11]
• The Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that a trust fund, set up by Benjamin Franklin's will in 1791 to assist "young married artificers", could not be divided before its 1991 maturity date, despite the fact that there were no more artificers who would benefit. Started by Franklin with the deposit of 1,000 pounds sterling, the fund had grown to $1,578,098 by 1960.^[12] By the time the monies were split between Massachusetts and Pennsylvania in 1991, the Fund was worth more than $6.5 million.^[13]

January 6, 1960 (Wednesday)

• At the Johns Hopkins University Hospital in Baltimore, an emergency room intern, Dr. Henry Thomas, became the first person to save a life following CPR training. The technique of "closed chest compression" had been shown to Dr. Thomas and other physicians by developed by Dr. James Jude, but had only been attempted before during surgery. The patient, 45-year-old Eugene Barnes, had collapsed while removing his shirt for an examination. Dr. Thomas applied cardiopulmonary resuscitation and kept Barnes alive during a 22-minute wait for a defibrillator, and Barnes went on to a full recovery. The rest of the world would learn about CPR in the July 9, 1960, issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association.^[14]
• National Airlines Flight 2511 exploded in midflight at 18,000 feet and crashed into a swamp at 2:00 a.m. near Bolivia, North Carolina, killing all 34 on board. The 29 passengers had been put on the Douglas DC-B for their Miami to New York flight, after their flight on a Boeing 707 had been cancelled. Killed in the crash was attorney Julian Frank, whose life had been insured by Dr. Robert Spears, listed as one of the dead from the 1959 crash of National Airlines Flight 967. Investigators concluded that Frank had unwittingly carried a bomb on board the plane inside his carry-on luggage. Dr. Spears was found and arrested in Arizona.^[15]
• The Associations Law officially came into force in Iraq (coinciding with Army Day), allowing the legal registration of political parties. Prior to the adoption of this law, political parties had been banned in Iraq since 1954.^[16][17]
• Born: Howie Long, American football player, in Somerville, MA; Kari Jalonen, Finnish ice hockey player, in Oulu; Nigella Lawson, British chef and writer, in London; and Miriam O'Callaghan, Irish media personality, in Foxrock

January 7, 1960 (Thursday)

• For the first time, a Polaris missile reached its target using its own inertial guidance system, rather than being directed from a ground station. The shot from Cape Canaveral came a few hours after President Eisenhower's final State of the Union speech, describing the new era of nuclear submarines armed with the Polaris missiles. "Impossible to destroy by surprise attack," said Ike, "they will become one of our most effective sentinels for peace."^[18]
• The Soviet Union announced that it would be testing a long-range rocket over an area in the North Pacific Ocean, and warned other nations not to send ships through a designated 280 by 160 mile area between January 15 and February 15.^[19]
• Died: Prince Ferdinand Pius, Duke of Calabria, 90, pretender to throne of Kingdom of Two Sicilies

January 8, 1960 (Friday)

• Lee Harvey Oswald, an American defector to the Soviet Union, was personally welcomed by the Mayor of Minsk, given a free apartment, and then set up in a new job as a metal worker in the Byelorussian Radio and Television factory.^[20]
• David Cooper Nelson became the first convict to be executed in New Mexico's gas chamber, and the last. The legislature had replaced the electric chair with gas, and would later adopt lethal injection as its mode of capital punishment.^[21]
• The Los Angeles Rams sued the new American Football League and the Houston Oilers over the rights to Heisman Trophy winner Billy Cannon, who had signed with both teams.^[22]

January 9, 1960 (Saturday)

• Kenneth Kaunda, the 35-year-old leader of the Zambian African National Congress, was released from prison on orders of the British Governor of Northern Rhodesia, Sir Evelyn Hone, a few weeks before Prime Minister Macmillan was scheduled to come to Lusaka. When Northern Rhodesia became the Republic of Zambia, Kaunda would become its first President.^[23]
• Construction began on the Aswan High Dam on the Nile River in Egypt, as President Nasser of the United Arab Republic pushed a button to explode 10 tons of dynamite.^[24]
• On his 47th birthday, Vice-President Richard M. Nixon became a candidate for the Republican nomination for the President of the United States, by giving his assent to the placing of his name on the ballot for primary elections in Oregon, New Hampshire and Ohio.^[25]
• Died: Elsie J. Oxenham, 79, British children's author, creator of Abbey Girls series

January 10, 1960 (Sunday)

• The United States would defend the Nationalist Chinese islands of Quemoy and Matsu from aggression by Communist China, U.S. Secretary of the Army Wilber M. Brucker said at a news conference in Taipei, marking a change in American policy. The U.S. treaty to defend the island of Taiwan from attack did not include the two islands in the Taiwan Strait.^[26] The issue of whether the United States should go to war with China over the two islands would become an issue in the 1960 presidential campaign.
• Born: Brian Cowen, Prime Minister of Ireland since 2008, in Clara, County Offaly; and Samira Said, Moroccan singer, in Rabat

January 11, 1960 (Monday)

• Henry Lee Lucas, who would confess to more than 600 murders in 1985, then recant, took his first life, stabbing his 74-year-old mother, Viola, at her home in Tecumseh, Michigan. Sentenced to 40 years in prison, but released in 1970, Lucas then resumed killing, and was ultimately convicted of 11 homicides.^[27]
• U.S. Senator Theodore F. Green of Rhode Island, at 92, the oldest person to ever serve in either house of Congress, announced that he would not run in 1960 for a fifth term.^[28] Green served from 1935 to 1961, and died at age 98 in 1966.

January 12, 1960 (Tuesday)

• After seven years, a state of emergency in the British East African colony of Kenya, was lifted by the Governor, Sir Patrick Renison. Proclaimed in 1952 after terrorism by the black nationalist group, the Mau Mau, the emergency regulations set curfews, restricted travel, and required the licensing of printing presses.^[29]
• Scent of Mystery, presented by Mike Todd, Jr. in "Smell-O-Vision, made its debut, at Chicago's Cinestage Theater, with a system that provided, then cleared, different aromas consistent with the scenes in the film.^[30]
• Born: Dominique Wilkins, American NBA player, in Paris, France; and Oliver Platt, Canadian actor, in Windsor, Ontario
• Died: Nevil Shute, 60, English novelist (On the Beach), and "Sweet Daddy" Grace, 76, Los Angeles African-American evangelist

January 13, 1960 (Wednesday)

• The first discussions were held in the White House to discuss covert action to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro. A special group, created by the National Security Council's order #5412, approved "Operation Zapata".^[31]
• The Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) was abolished, and replaced by separate agencies in the 15 republics.^[32]

January 14, 1960 (Thursday)

• The Reserve Bank of Australia, authorized by 1959 legislation, began operation, as did the ten member Reserve Bank Board, which makes decisions on the monetary policy of Australia.^[33]
• John L. Lewis served his last day as President of the United Mine Workers of America after almost 40 years. He was succeeded by Thomas Kennedy.^[34]
• Born: Matthew Bourne, English choreographer, in Walthamstow, London

January 15, 1960 (Friday)

• The day after Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev asked the Supreme Soviet of the USSR to formally approve his proposal to reduce the Soviet armed forces by nearly one-third, the 1,300 members in both houses gave their unanimous assent. The reduction, from 3,623,000 men to 2,423,000 men, had been announced by Khrushchev the day before in a speech to the joint session, with a plan to shift defense expenditures to nuclear weapons and missiles. "Should any madman launch an attack on our state or on other socialist states," Khrushchev said,"we would literally be able to wipe the country or countries that attack us off the face of the Earth."^[35]
• Eight Chicago policemen were arrested in early morning raids on their homes, and charged with burglary, and several carloads of stolen merchandise were seized from the homes. By the end of the month, 15 city cops had been indicted for what Mayor Daley called "the most disgraceful and shocking scandal in the police department's history. The arrests followed a revelation, by a 23-year-old burglar, that several members of the Chicago PD had assisted him in burglarizing businesses in areas they had been assigned to patrol.^[36]

January 16, 1960 (Saturday)

• Nobusuke Kishi, the Prime Minister of Japan, departed from Tokyo's Haneda Airport at 8:09 a.m., in order to sign an unpopular treaty with the United States on American soil, but not before avoiding a rioting crowd of at least 500 Zengakuren, leftist students who had occupied the airport in protest. Several thousand police were required to disperse the gathering.^[37]
• The village of Willowbrook, Illinois, was incorporated.

January 17, 1960 (Sunday)

• It was announced that U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower would make a ten-day tour of the Soviet Union from June 10 to June 19, 1960, as the guest of Soviet First Secretary Nikita S. Khrushchev.^[38] The visit would never take place, and was called off after the U-2 incident in May.
• Born: Chili Davis, Major League Baseball star and designated hitter, in Kingston, Jamaica

January 18, 1960 (Monday)

• Capital Airlines Flight 20 crashed near Holdcroft, Virginia, while en route from Washington to Norfolk, apparently killing all forty-six passengers and four crew members on impact. The first persons on the scene heard no cries, and the Vickers Viscount was soon consumed by a fire that burned for five hours.^[39]
• Major General Jacques Massu, the commander of the French Army in Algeria, criticized his boss in an interview with Hans Ulrich Kempski of the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung. President Charles De Gaulle, who came into power with the Army's support in 1958, was outraged by Massu's statement that "Perhaps the Army made a mistake."^[40]

January 19, 1960 (Tuesday)

• The Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan was signed at the White House by signed by U.S. President Eisenhower and Japan's Prime Minister Kishi.^[41] Unpopular in Japan, the treaty was ratified there in June, and Kishi resigned soon afterward.
• Scandinavian Airlines Flight 871 crashed on its approach to Ankara, killing all 42 aboard.^[42]
• Born: Al Joyner, American track star (1984 Olympic gold in triple jump), in East St. Louis, Illinois; and Žarko Laušević, Yugoslavian actor, in Cetinje, Montenegro

January 20, 1960 (Wednesday)

• The Soviet Union successfully test-fired the first ICBM, the R-7 Semyorka, demonstrating a range of at least 7,760 miles when it reached a target area in the Pacific Ocean. The explosion on impact, at 8:05 pm Moscow time (1705 GMT, 12:05 pm EST), was observed by the crew of a Qantas aircraft.^[43]
• Novato, California, was incorporated.
• Born: Will Wright, American designer of Sim City, in Atlanta; and Jeff "Tain" Watts, American jazz drummer, in Pittsburgh

January 21, 1960 (Thursday)

• In the third worst mine disaster in history, 437 coal miners were killed at the Coalbrook North Colliery at Coalbrook, South Africa, when a three square kilometer section collapsed, filling the mine shaft with methane.^[44]
• Miss Sam, a rhesus monkey, was launched on board the rocket Little Joe 1B from Wallops Island, reaching an altitude of 48,900 feet before returning safely to Earth, clearing the way for human astronauts.^[45]
• Avianca Flight 671 from New York to Montego Bay, Jamaica, crashed and burned when its landing gear collapsed on touchdown, killing 37 of the 46 persons on board^[46]
• Died: Wu Lien-teh, 80, Chinese physician who halted pneumonic plague epidemic of 1910

January 22, 1960 (Friday)

• France's President de Gaulle fired Major General Massu from his post as, commander of the troops in French Algeria, following Massu's critical interview. European Algerians were outraged by the firing, precipitating the "week of the barricades".^[47]
• At the Boston Garden, Sugar Ray Robinson lost his world middleweight boxing title in an upset to Paul Pender, a 29-year-old firefighter from Brookline, Massachusetts. Pender outpointed Robinson in fifteen rounds.^[48]
• Born: Michael Hutchence, Australian rock musician (INXS), in Sydney; (d. 1997)

January 23, 1960 (Saturday)

• Undersea explorer Jacques Piccard, and Navy Lt. Don Walsh, descended in the U.S. Navy bathyscaphe Trieste into the deepest depths of the ocean, reaching the bottom of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific, a depth of more than seven miles.^[49]
• Born: Patrick de Gayardon, French skydiver and skysurfing pioneer; (killed in skydiving accident, 1998)

January 24, 1960 (Sunday)

• As many as 5,000 European residents of French Algeria, including members of the French home guard, sealed off parts of Algiers and then withdrew behind the barricades. In the crisis that followed, leaders of the French Army told Prime Minister Michel Debre that they would disregard orders to attack the insurgents. When the local police clashed with the demonstrators, 24 people were killed and 136 injured.^[50]
• The Democratic Socialist Party (Japan) was formed by Nishio Suehiro and 52 other members of Parliament who had formerly been in the Japan Socialist Party. The DSP lasted until 1994.^[51]
• Born: Rick Leventhal, FOX TV newsman, in Silver Spring, MD
• Died: Edwin Fischer, 73, Swiss classical pianist; and Ashihei Hino, 53, Japanese novelist (suicide)

January 25, 1960 (Monday)

• Belgium agreed to grant its African colony, in the Belgian Congo, independence, setting a date of June 30, 1960, and elections to be held in May.^[52]
• Wilt Chamberlain set an NBA record that still stands, for "Most points, rookie, game", with 58 points for the Philadelphia Warriors against the Detroit Pistons, in Bethlehem, PA. The record was tied, by Chamberlain, on February 21 of his rookie year.^[53]

January 26, 1960 (Tuesday)

• After 22 ballots to select the new National Football League Commissioner, Marshall Leahy had seven votes, Austin Gunsel had four, but neither candidate had the required 10 of 12 majority needed for the 12-team league. The compromise was the little-known general manager of the Los Angeles Rams, 33-year-old Pete Rozelle. Rozelle would go on to lead the NFL to become the most popular professional sports league in the United States.^[54]
• In Burnsville, West Virginia, Burnsville High School student Danny Heater set an interscholastic record for basketball, scoring 135 points in a 173–43 win over Widen, West Virginia's high school team.^[55]

January 27, 1960 (Wednesday)

• Following Japan's signing of the new security treaty with the United States, the Soviet Union announced that it was cancelling plans to return the islands of Habomai and Shikotan, captured during World War II, to Japan.^[56]
• Construction began on the Baitul Mukarram mosque in Dhaka, East Pakistan. The structure, designed by Abdul Hussain Thariani, is now the National Mosque of Bangladesh.
• A river of lava from the Kilauea Volcano spilled over the last earthen dike that had protected the village of Kapoho, Hawai'i, and began the destruction of the town, whose 300 residents had been evacuated. By Saturday, Kapoho was gone.^[57]
• Thirty-one people were trampled to death in Seoul, South Korea, when a crowd surged forward to catch a train.^[25]

January 28, 1960 (Thursday)

• The 12-team NFL expanded for the first time since 1949, awarding the franchise for the Dallas Cowboys for 1960, and for the Minnesota Vikings for 1961.^[58]
• China and Burma (now Myanmar) signed an agreement specifying the boundary between the two nations.^[59]
• Died: Zora Neale Hurston, 69, African-American author who attained posthumous fame in the 1970s

January 29, 1960 (Friday)

• Facing a challenge from rebelling European settlers in French Algeria, France's President Charles de Gaulle went on television in his Army uniform, in order, he said, "to stress that I am speaking as General de Gaulle as well as chief of state". Having announced before that the future of French territory in Algeria would be left to the Algerian Arab majority, de Gaulle emphasized that he would not yield to Europeans "who dream of being usurpers". Following the speech, the French Army ended speculation about whether they would side with the Algerian Europeans against the Paris government, and ordered all home guardsmen, inside the barricades, to report to their headquarters. When the order was disobeyed, the Army moved in to end the rebellion.^[60]
• Born: Greg Louganis, American diver, Olympic medalist, in El Cajon, CA; Gia Carangi, American supermodel and AIDS sufferer, in Philadelphia (d. 1986); and Matthew Ashford, American soap opera actor (Days of Our Lives), in Davenport, IA

January 30, 1960 (Saturday)

• The American Football League filled out its eight teams by voting on where to place the franchise that had formerly been reserved for Minneapolis. Although a majority preferred to place an AFL team in Atlanta, the owners agreed that a second California team was needed, and the team became the Oakland Raiders.^[61]
• Died: J. C. Kumarappa, 68, Indian economist, father of "Gandhian economics"

January 31, 1960 (Sunday)

• Joseph McNeill, a 17-year-old college freshman, was turned away by a waitress with the words, "We don't serve Negroes," when he tried to get something to eat at the bus terminal in Greensboro, North Carolina. When he talked about it with three friends at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College, the four African-American students decided that they would take a stand against segregation. The next day, the four would sit down at the Woolworth's Department Store lunch counter and refuse to get up until they were served, and the "sit-in" was born.^[62]
• At Tawfiq, a skirmish between soldiers from Israel and Syria (at that time, part of the United Arab Republic with Egypt), left 12 Syrians and 7 Israelis dead. UAR President Gamal Abdel Nasser sent Egyptian troops back into the Sinai in response.^[63]

References