March 1961

March 1, 1961: Peace Corps established by U.S. President Kennedy

March 8, 1961: Scotland's Holy Loch begins hosting American nuclear missile submarine

The following events occurred in March 1961:

March 1, 1961 (Wednesday)

• President of the United States John F. Kennedy established the Peace Corps by Executive Order 10924.^[1]
• Uganda became self-governing by holding its first general elections a year in advance of full independence. With 90% of the 1.3 million eligible voters participating, the Democratic Party, led by Benedicto Kiwanuka, won 43 of the 81 seats in the National Assembly. The Uganda People's Congress received more votes overall, but only 35 seats.^[2]

March 2, 1961 (Thursday)

• Algerian War: Algerian nationalist leader Ferhat Abbas announced in Rabat, Morocco, that the FLN had agreed to French President Charles de Gaulle's proposal to begin peace talks on Algerian independence. By then, the war was in its seventh year.^[3]
• Congolese soldiers killed 44 civilians in the city of Luluabourg (now Kananga), capital of the Kasai province.^[4]
• Twenty-two underground coal miners were killed in an explosion at the Viking Coal Company near Terre Haute, Indiana.^[5]
• At the age of 79, artist Pablo Picasso married 35-year-old Jacqueline Roque. The two remained together until his death in 1973.^[6]
• Died: Olaf Hagerup, 71, Danish botanist

March 3, 1961 (Friday)

• Hassan II was formally enthroned as King of Morocco, one week after his father's death.^[7]
• The U.S. Air Force successfully launched the first of its "economy" rockets, the RM-90 Blue Scout II, designed to put payloads into space at a lower cost.^[8]
• Elsie May Batten, a 59-year-old shop assistant and wife of famed sculptor Mark Batten, was found stabbed to death with an antique dagger at the London curiosity shop where she worked.^[9] Her killer, Edwin Bush, was the first British murderer to be caught by use of the Identikit facial composite system.^[10]
• Died: Paul Wittgenstein, 73, Austrian-born pianist

March 4, 1961 (Saturday)

• The Soviet Union made its first successful test of its V-1000 anti-ballistic missile system, proving that it could intercept an intercontinental ballistic missile. The ICBM, an R-12 Dvina (referred to by NATO as the SS-4), was fired from the Kapustin Yar in southwest Russia. The V-1000 was launched from the Sary Shagan range in thousands of miles to the east, and the intercept took place at an altitude of 80,00 feet over the Kazakh SSR.^[11]
• Former U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower became, once again, a five-star general, as an act of Congress restored him to his former rank of General of the Army.^[12]
• The centennial of the presidential inauguration of Abraham Lincoln was observed with a re-enactment at the east front of the U.S. Capitol. A crowd of 20,000 people watched, twice as many as had witnessed the actual event in 1861.^[13]
• Born: Ray 'Boom-Boom' Mancini, American boxer best remembered for the tragic 1982 bout with Duk Koo Kim; WBA lightweight champion, 1982–84; in Youngstown, Ohio
• Died: Pudge Wyman, 65, American pro football player credited with the first NFL touchdown (1920)

March 5, 1961 (Sunday)

• At a press conference at Andrews Air Force Base, spokesmen for the U.S. Air Force Research and Development command announced that they had developed an atomic clock "so accurate that its biggest error would not exceed one second in 1271 years", and, at 62 pounds, light enough that it could be used on aircraft in place of the existing system of crystal oscillators. Conventional atomic clock units, though more accurate, weighed over 600 pounds and were impractical for flight.^[14]
• The crash of a U.S. Air Force Boeing KB-50 refueling plane killed all ten men on board.^[15]
• Born: Marcelo Peralta, Argentinian musician, in Buenos Aires
• Died: Kjeld Abell, 59, Danish playwright, shortly after finishing his last work, Skriget (The Scream)

March 6, 1961 (Monday)

• The phrase "affirmative action" was first used to refer to a governmental requirement to promote equal opportunity by giving preferences in order to remedy prior discrimination. President Kennedy used the term with the issuance of Executive Order 10925.^[16] The original context was in Section 301 of the order, providing that federal government contracts include a provision that "The contractor will take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin."^[17]
• The British soap opera Coronation Street was fully networked by ITV, with a new schedule of Monday and Wednesday evenings at 19:30.
• Died: George Formby, 56, British singer, comedian and actor

March 7, 1961 (Tuesday)

• The successful test firing of the engines of a Titan I missile, as it stood inside the underground SLTF (Silo Test Launch Facility) at California's Vandenberg Air Force Base, demonstrated that a missile could be successfully fired from within a missile silo. An actual launch from the silo would not take place until May 3.^[18]
• Flying a North American X-15 airplane, U.S. Air Force Captain Robert White became the first person to travel faster than Mach 4, reaching Mach 4.43 (2,905 mph). White would become the first person to break Mach 5 on June 23, and Mach 6 on November 9.^[19]
• Born: Martina Schettina, Austrian painter, in Vienna
• Died: Govind Ballabh Pant, 73, Indian statesman

March 8, 1961 (Wednesday)

• Max Conrad, "the Flying Grandfather", circumnavigated the Earth in 8 days, 18 hours and 49 minutes, setting a new world record for a light airplane, breaking the previous mark, set in 1959, of 25 days.^[20]
• The first U.S. Polaris submarines arrived at the new submarine base at Scotland's Holy Loch, as the nuclear missile bearing USS Patrick Henry sailed past protesters and in alongside its tending ship, USS Proteus, to begin a two-year mission.^[21]
• Died: Sir Thomas Beecham, 81, English conductor who founded the London Philharmonic and the Royal Philharmonic orchestras; and Gala Galaction, 81, Romanian author

March 9, 1961 (Thursday)

• Sputnik 9 was launched by the USSR from Baikonur LC1, carrying "Ivan Ivanovich" (a dummy cosmonaut), the dog Chernushka, mice, and a guinea pig. The spaceship made several orbits of the Earth at an average altitude of 135 miles, and then was recovered. NASA spokesman George M. Law said that the test showed that the Russians were "about ready to put a man up".^[22]
• An underground fire at the Ueda Mine Company in Japan's worst coal mine disaster since World War II killed 71 miners at the Ueda Mine Company at Kawara.^[23]
• Born: Andrei Ivanţoc, Moldovan politician, in Opaci; and Rick Steiner, American pro wrestler, as Robert Rechsteiner in Bay City, Michigan

March 10, 1961 (Friday)

• The first definite proof that a signal could be sent to Venus and returned to Earth, using radar astronomy, was made by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Transmission was sent from the Goldstone Tracking Station in California at a 2,388 megacycle frequency, traveling 35 million miles to Venus and then back to Earth, in a little more than six minutes. Signals had been bounced off of Venus before, but never received back clearly enough to be "immediately detectable".^[24]
• Richard Sullivan, a staffer at the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, delivered a feasibility study to the Authority, entitled "A World Trade Center in the Port of New York", outlining the justification for building what would become the Twin Towers and five other buildings in the World Trade Center complex.^[25]
• Born: Mitch Gaylord, first American gymnast to score a 10.00 in Olympic competition (1984); in Van Nuys, California; Greg Kolodziejzyk, Canadian cyclist, in Fort St. John, British Columbia

March 11, 1961 (Saturday)

• "Ken", a doll to accompany the popular Barbie that had been brought out by the Mattel toy company introduced on March 9, 1959, was introduced at the annual American International Toy Fair in New York City.^[26]
• Plans for an invasion of Cuba were presented by CIA official Richard M. Bissell, Jr. for the approval of President Kennedy. In a meeting attended by the President, Secretary of State Dean Rusk, Defense Secretary Robert McNamara, CIA Director Allen Dulles, and General Lyman Lemnitzer, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staffs, Bissell outlined the proposed "Operation Trinidad", with an invasion force storming the beaches of Trinidad, Cuba by sea and by air. Kennedy rejected the plan as "too spectacular", and directed Bissell to come up with a less obvious placement of troops. Only four days later, Bissell had drawn up a new plan, with the force to strike at the Bay of Pigs within a month. "The Kennedy team was impressed," one historian would say later, "when they should have been incredulous."^[27]
• Died: William A. Morgan, 33, former American soldier who later became an advisor to Fidel Castro, was executed by a firing squad in Havana after being found guilty of conspiring against the government.^[28]

March 12, 1961 (Sunday)

• Miami mobster John Roselli, who was assisting the CIA in its plans to assassinate Fidel Castro, met with a Cuban contact at the Fontainebleau Hotel in Miami Beach. Roselli would testify before the U.S. Senate, 14 years later, about the delivery of money and poisoned pills for the contact to place in Castro's food. Columnist Jack Anderson would break the story in his column of January 18, 1971.^[29] The CIA would acknowledge its involvement 46 years after the fact, with the declassification of documents in 2007.^[30]
• The long-running BBC radio music show Your Hundred Best Tunes moved to the 9–10 pm Sunday night timeslot with which it would be associated for the next 45 years.

March 13, 1961 (Monday)

• A dam burst on the Dnieper River in the Ukrainian SSR, killing 145. The disaster was not reported in the Soviet press until March 31, when it was referred to in Pravda.^[31]
• The 22,349 foot high Himalayan mountain Ama Dablam was climbed for the first time, by the team of Barry Bishop, Mike Ward, Mike Gill, and Wally Romanes.^[32]
• United States delegate to the UNSC Adlai Stevenson voted against Portuguese policies in Africa.
• President of the United States John F. Kennedy proposed a long-term "Alliance for Progress" between the United States and Latin America.^[33]
• Cyprus joined the Commonwealth of Nations, becoming the first small country in the Commonwealth.^[34]

March 14, 1961 (Tuesday)

• The first phase of the creation of the New English Bible, begun in 1946 by the Joint Committee on the New Translation of the Bible", was completed with the publication of the revised New Testament . Relying on a re-examination of the oldest texts and conveyance of original meanings into modern English, the "new New Testament" was released to coincide with the 350th anniversary of the March 1611 publication of the King James Version of the Bible.^[35]
• Born: Kirby Puckett, American baseball player (Minnesota Twins) and Hall of Famer, in Chicago (d. 2006); and Mike Lazaridis, founder of Research In Motion, in Istanbul.

March 15, 1961 (Wednesday)

• At a meeting in London of the prime ministers of the British Commonwealth, Hendrik Verwoerd announced that South Africa was withdrawing its membership, due to continued criticism of apartheid, "the racial policy of the Union Government".^[36]
• The Union of Peoples of Angola, led by Holden Roberto, crossed over from the Congo into Angola, and murdered European and African residents living near the northern border of the Portuguese colony.^[37] Portuguese forces killed tens of thousands of African residents in retaliation and the war continued for 14 years.^[38]
• The World Chess Championship 1961 between former world champion Mikhail Botvinnik and titleholder Mikhail Tal, began in Moscow.^[39]
• Died: Sir Walter Womersley, 1st Baronet, 83, British politician

March 16, 1961 (Thursday)

• 1961 Yuba City B-52 crash: A B-52F-70-BW Stratofortress bomber, 57-0166, c/n 464155, carrying two nuclear weapons, was abandoned by crew and crashed 15 miles (24 km) west of Yuba City, California,.^[40] The nuclear weapons were torn from the aircraft on impact, but did not detonate.
• The 18th Golden Globe Awards were held; winners include Burt Lancaster (Best Actor – Drama), Greer Garson (Best Actress – Drama) and Spartacus (Best Film – Drama).
• The MV Lizzonia (ex CHANT 35 / Empire Farouche) collided with MV Arctic Ocean 3 nautical miles (5.6 km) north west of the Varne Lightship, in the English Channel. The ship was abandoned and later sank.^[41]
• The NASA Goddard Space Flight Center is officially dedicated in Greenbelt, Maryland, US.^[42]

March 17, 1961 (Friday)

• Albert DeSalvo was arrested in Cambridge, Massachusetts, while trying to break into a house. Confessing to be a sexual predator who had been nicknamed "the Measuring Man", DeSalvo spent a year in jail. For 18 months following his release, thirteen local women were sexually assaulted and murdered. DeSalvo, arrested later in 1964, confessed to being the "Boston Strangler".^[43]
• Israel staged a dress rehearsal for a military parade in the Israeli-occupied part of Jerusalem, in which heavy military armament took part.
• Born: Mauricio Pimiento, Colombian politician involved in the Colombian parapolitics scandal, in Bucaramanga.
• Born: Marcus Dillistone, Royal premiered and award-winning British film director.
• Died: Susanna M. Salter, 101, first woman mayor in the United States

March 18, 1961 (Saturday)

• Nous les amoureux sung by Jean-Claude Pascal (music by Jacques Datin, lyrics by Maurice Vidalin) won the Eurovision Song Contest 1961 for Luxembourg.

March 19, 1961 (Sunday)

• Tornadoes swept through four districts of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh, killing more than 250 people. The dead included 32 people who had taken refuge in a Catholic church in Dacca after attending Sunday mass.^[44]
• Portugal defeated Luxembourg 6–0 in a 1962 FIFA World Cup qualifying match.
• Died: Ada Cornaro, 79, Argentinian tango dancer and actress

March 20, 1961 (Monday)

• Following a complaint by Jordan about the events of March 17, the Mixed Armistice Commission decided that "this act by Israel is a breach of the General Armistice Agreement".
• Born: John Clark Gable, American actor, four months after the death of his father, film star Clark Gable

March 21, 1961 (Tuesday)

• The Beatles— John, Paul, George and Stu (Stuart Sutcliffe)— began the first of nearly 300 regular performances at The Cavern Club in Liverpool. Sutcliffe left the band three months later. Continuing with Ringo Starr, the group's final appearance at the Cavern Club was on August 3, 1963.^[45]
• The press agency United News of India dispatched its first reports to subscribers.
• Ion Gheorghe Maurer became Prime Minister of Romania.

March 22, 1961 (Wednesday)

• Dwight D. Eisenhower was restored to the United States Army and to his rank as a five-star General of the Army, two months after completing his term as the 34th President of the United States.^[46] General Eisenhower had resigned his commission on July 18, 1952, after accepting the Republican Party nomination for the Presidency.^[47]
• Died: Gideon Mer, 66, Israeli physician and scientist

March 23, 1961 (Thursday)

• The Soviet Union lifted censorship restrictions, for foreign news correspondents, that had been in place since 1917. Except for two occasions in 1939 and 1946, non-Soviet reporters had been required to have their dispatches reviewed before transmission. Foreign office press director Mikhail Kharlamov cautioned that, although pre-approval of reports would no longer be required, foreigners were still required to keep copies of all dispatches for future review, and that persons who "circulated unfounded rumors about the Soviet Union" were still subject to expulsion.^[48]
• An American C-47 transport plane with eight men aboard disappeared over the war-torn nation of Laos after taking off from Vientiane toward Saigon. The U.S. Air Force did not announce the incident until two days later.^[49] The sole survivor, Major Lawrence R. Bailey, Jr., was captured and became the first American POW of the Vietnam Era. He would be released on August 15, 1962.^[50]
• Born: George Weber, American radio personality, in Philadelphia (murdered 2009)
• Died: Valentin Bondarenko, 24, Russian cosmonaut, in a training accident;^[51] and Heinrich Rau, 61, East German politician

March 24, 1961 (Friday)

• A Mercury-Redstone BD rocket was launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on one final test flight to certify its safety for human transport. As with earlier Soviet tests, the American space capsule carried a test dummy. The spacecraft reached an altitude of 115 miles and was recovered in the Atlantic 8 minutes after launch.^[52] Stopped by Wernher von Braun from going, Alan Shepard had volunteered to take the flight, and would have become the first man to travel into outer space. Less than three weeks later, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin would, on April 12, would reach the milestone. Shepard would reach space, though not orbit, on May 5.^[53]

March 25, 1961 (Saturday)

• In Kansas City, the University of Cincinnati Bearcats upset the #1 ranked Ohio State Buckeyes, 70-65, to win the NCAA basketball championship. Going into the title match, OSU had won 32 consecutive games with a team that included John Havlicek and Jerry Lucas. Future Indiana University coach Bobby Knight had kept OSU from losing in regulation by scoring the basket that tied the game 61-61.^[54]
• The day after the U.S. launch of a test dummy into space, the Soviets made one final launch of their own Ivan Ivanovich dummy into space, along with the last dog in space, Zvezdochka. Both went up on Sputnik 10, which made one orbit and safely returned to Earth.^[55]

March 26, 1961 (Sunday)

• In rugby union, France defeated Wales 8–6 at the Stade Colombes to assure themselves of overall victory in the 1961 Five Nations Championship.^[56]
• The Lombank Trophy was held at Snetterton Motor Racing Circuit, England, and was won by Jack Brabham in a Cooper T53.
• Born: Billy Warlock, American TV soap opera actor, in Gardena, California
• Died: Carlos Duarte Costa, 72, founder of the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church

March 27, 1961 (Monday)

• Nine African-American students from Mississippi's Tougaloo College made the first effort of passive resistance to end segregation in the state capital, Jackson, by walking into the whites-only main branch of the municipal public library. After beginning the "read-in", the students declined to leave and were arrested by police. The next day, black students at Jackson State College marched to the city jail to protest the arrest of the "Tougaloo Nine", and more demonstrations followed.^[57]
• Thunderball, the ninth James Bond novel by Ian Fleming, was first published, in a hardback British edition by Glidrose Productions.^[58]
• Born: Leigh Bowery, Australian performance artist, in Melbourne (died 1994)
• Died: Paul Landowski, 85, French monumental sculptor

March 28, 1961 (Tuesday)

• U.S. President John F. Kennedy informed Congress that, as part of the proposed $43.8 billion defense budget, he was cancelling the Pye Wacket project, an experimental lenticular-form air-to-air missile, and the B-70 nuclear-powered airplane.^[59] Kennedy declared that "As a power which will never strike first, our hopes for anything close to an absolute deterrent must rest on weapons which come from hidden, moving, or invulnerable bases which will not be wiped out by a surprise attack," and lobbied instead for ten additional Polaris nuclear submarines and an increased Minuteman nuclear arsenal.^[60]
• A Czechoslovak State Airlines airplane crashed near Russelbach, East Germany after an onboard explosion, killing all 52 persons on board.^[61] The turboprop Ilyushin-18 was on its way from Prague to Bamako, the capital of Mali, taking technicians and their families, half of them from the Soviet Union, to jobs in Africa.^[62]
• Air Afrique was founded by agreement of ten West African nations that had gained independence from France.^[63] The airline operated until 2001, when its fleet and routes were acquired by Air France.^[64]
• The Factories Act 1961 was introduced into the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
• Died: Powell Crosley, American inventor and owner of the Cincinnati Reds baseball team; and Chatta Singh, 74, Indian VC recipient

March 29, 1961 (Wednesday)

• The Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified, allowing residents of Washington, D.C., to vote in presidential elections. With at least 3/4ths of the 50 states needed to ratify the amendment New Hampshire became the 37th state to approve the measure at 1:01 pm. Thirteen minutes later in Topeka, the Kansas House of Representatives, in a hastily called session, made that state the 38th. Arkansas was the only state to reject the proposal, which gave the District 3 electoral votes starting with the 1964 election.^[65]

March 30, 1961 (Thursday)

• The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs was signed at New York City. The pact entered into force on December 13, 1964, and now applies to 149 nations.^[66]
• Died: Armand Robin, 49, French poet and journalist, three days after his arrest following an altercation in a bar.;^[67] and former Brigadier General Mengistu Neway, 41, hanged after the unsuccessful coup attempt against the Ethiopian government in December 1960.
• Actor Ronald Reagan gave a speech entitled 'Encroaching Control' to the Phoenix Chamber of Commerce. This speech was considered by some historians to be his finest and the moment his political career truly began.

March 31, 1961 (Friday)

• The last train ran on Ireland's Cork, Bandon and South Coast Railway.
• Died: The Ayatollah Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi, 86, leader of Iran's Shiite Muslims. His death led the way to the ascension of the 58-year-old AyatollahRuhollah Khomeini, who in 1979 would become the leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

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