Renaissance Center

"Renaissance Centre" redirects here. For the skyscraper in Erie, Pennsylvania, see Renaissance Centre (Erie, Pennsylvania).
Renaissance Center

GM Renaissance Center
along the International Riverfront
General information
Type Hotel
Commercial offices
Retail
Architectural style Modern
Location 100 Renaissance Center
Detroit, Michigan 48243-1312
United States
Coordinates 42°19′44″N 83°02′23″W / 42.3289°N 83.0397°W / 42.3289; -83.0397Coordinates: 42°19′44″N 83°02′23″W / 42.3289°N 83.0397°W / 42.3289; -83.0397
Construction started 1973
Completed 1977
1981 (towers 500–600)
Renovated 2004
Owner General Motors
Management CBRE Group
Height
Antenna spire 750 ft (230 m)
Roof 727 ft (222 m)
Top floor 696 ft (212 m)
Dimensions
Diameter 188 ft (57 m) (central tower)
Technical details
Floor count 73 floors x 1
39 floors x 4
21 floors x 2
Floor area 5,552,000 sq ft (515,800 m2)
Design and construction
Architect John Portman & Associates
Structural engineer Morris E. Harrison & Associates
Main contractor Tishman Construction
Renovating team
Architect Skidmore, Owings & Merrill,
Gensler,
SmithGroup,
Ghafari Associates
Main contractor Turner Construction
References
[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Detroit Marriott at the Renaissance Center
Hotel chain Marriott International
General information
Location United States
Address 400 Renaissance Center Drive
Detroit, Michigan
Coordinates 42°19′44″N 83°02′23″W / 42.3289°N 83.0397°W / 42.3289; -83.0397
Opening 1977
Management Marriott Hotels & Resorts
Height 727 ft (222 m)
Technical details
Floor count 73
Floor area Meeting space: 100,000 sq ft (9,300 m2)
Other information
Number of rooms 1,246
Number of suites 52
Number of restaurants Coach Insignia
Forty-two Degrees North
Volt
Parking Valet and regular
Website
www.marriott.com/dtwdt
[3][7][8]

The Renaissance Center (also known as the GM Renaissance Center and nicknamed the RenCen) is a group of seven interconnected skyscrapers in Downtown Detroit, Michigan, United States. Located on the International Riverfront, the Renaissance Center complex is owned by General Motors as its world headquarters. The central tower, the Detroit Marriott at the Renaissance Center, is the second tallest all-hotel skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere, and features the largest rooftop restaurant, Coach Insignia.[9] It has been the tallest building in Michigan since it was erected in 1977.

John Portman was the principal architect for the original design. The first phase consisted of a five tower rosette rising from a common base. Four 39-story office towers surround the 73-story hotel rising from a square-shaped podium which includes a shopping center, restaurants, brokerage firms, and banks.[10][11] The first phase officially opened in March 1977. Portman's design brought renewed attention to city architecture,[11] since it resulted in construction of the world's tallest hotel at the time.[9] Two additional 21-story office towers (known as Tower 500 and Tower 600) opened in 1981. This type of complex has been termed a city within a city.

In 2004, General Motors completed a US$500 million renovation of the Class-A center as its world headquarters, which it had purchased in 1996.[12] The renovation included the addition of the five-story Wintergarden atrium, which provides access to the International Riverfront.[13] Architects for the renovation included Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, Gensler, SmithGroup, and Ghafari Associates. Work continued in and around the complex until 2005. Renaissance Center totals 5,552,000 square feet (515,800 m2) making it one of the world's largest commercial complexes.[5][14]

In July 2015, the General Motors Renaissance Center re-branded itself as "The GMRENCEN." The logo was modernized and "Reflecting a New Detroit" was introduced as the new tagline. A photo-journalistic advertising campaign launched to shine a spotlight on the people in Detroit who make remarkable contributions to the city.

History

A naval band performs in front of the Renaissance Center in August 2015.

Conceived by Henry Ford II and financed primarily by the Ford Motor Company, the Renaissance Center became the world's largest private development with an anticipated 1971 cost of $500 million.[15] The project was intended to revitalize the economy of Detroit.[15][16] In its first year of operation it generated over $1 billion in economic growth for the downtown.[10]

In 1970, Ford Motor Company Chairman Henry Ford II teamed up with other business leaders to form Detroit Renaissance, a private non-profit development organization, which he headed in order to stimulate building activity in the city. The group announced the first phase of construction in 1971. In addition, Detroit Renaissance contributed to a variety of other projects within the downtown area in the ensuing decades. Henry Ford II sold the concept of the RenCen to the City and community leaders. Detroit Mayor Roman Gribbs touted the project as a complete rebuilding from bridge to bridge, referring to the area between the Ambassador Bridge that connects Detroit to Windsor, Ontario and the MacArthur Bridge, which connects the city with Belle Isle Park.[15]

The city within a city arose. The first phase of Renaissance Center opened on July 1, 1976. Principal architect John Portman was also the architect for the Westin Peachtree Plaza Hotel and the Peachtree Center in Atlanta, Georgia; the Embarcadero Center in San Francisco, California; and the Bonaventure Hotel in Los Angeles, California. For phase I, the facade of the first five towers was covered with 2,000,000 square feet (186,000 m2) of glass, and used about 400,000 cubic yards (310,000 m3) of concrete.[15] This did not include the additional glass used for the atriums.[10]

Phase I of the Renaissance Center cost $337 million to construct, employing 7,000 workers.[15] In 1977, the central hotel tower of the Renaissance Center opened as the Detroit Plaza Hotel, managed by Western International Hotels,[15] to become the world's tallest all-hotel skyscraper[9] surpassing its architectural twin, the Peachtree Plaza Hotel in Atlanta. The hotel was later renamed The Westin Hotel Renaissance Center Detroit. In 1986, it was surpassed in height by The Westin Stamford in Singapore. Since 1986, the Renaissance Center's central tower has held the distinction as the tallest all-hotel skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere.[9][17] Other phases that included residences, additional office and retail space were never constructed.

On April 15, 1977, Henry Ford II and Detroit mayor Coleman Young unveiled a plaque commemorating the private investors whose funds made the project possible and, later that evening, 650 business and society leaders attended a benefit celebrating the Renaissance Center's formal dedication. The money raised from the $300-per-couple tickets went to the Detroit Symphony Orchestra. When it opened, the cylindrical central tower was originally the flagship of Westin Hotels. The top three floors of the hotel hosted an upscale restaurant, The Summit, that rotated to allow a 360 degree view.[10] The shopping center in the podium originally housed high-end boutiques, but now contains a greater complement of restaurants in the retail mix.[15]

GM World exhibit inside the Renaissance Center.

In 1980, Detroit hosted the Republican National Convention and presidential nominee Ronald Reagan and former President Gerald Ford both stayed at the Renaissance Center while in attendance.[18][19]

Metro Detroit expanded upon the city within a city concept with the nearby 2,200,000 square feet (200,000 m2) Southfield Town Center office complex with its five inter-connected golden skyscrapers constructed from 1975 to 1989. In the ensuing years, the Renaissance Center would face competition from the growing suburban office market.[10]

In 1987, the elevated Detroit People Mover transit line, after many years of construction, began operation with a stop at the Renaissance Center. Initially, Ford Motor Company occupied a large block of space. In 1996, General Motors purchased the complex and moved its world headquarters to the Renaissance Center downtown from what is now the historic Cadillac Place state office complex in the New Center district, northwest of downtown.[20] Before the acquisition, Sibley's Shoes had its headquarters in the center.

Architects' initial design for the Renaissance Center focused on creating secure interior spaces, while its design later expanded and improved to connect with the exterior spaces and waterfront through a reconfigured interior, open glass entryways, and a Wintergarden.[11][21] By 2004, GM completed an extensive $500 million renovation of the Renaissance Center.[12] This included a $100 million makeover for the hotel. Among GM's first actions was to remove the concrete berms facing Jefferson Avenue. The renovation includes a lighted glass walkway which encircles the interior mezzanine for ease of navigation, while the addition of the Wintergarden provides riverfront access and a view of Canada. A covered skyway over Jefferson Avenue connects to the Millender Center, Courtyard by Marriott - Downtown Detroit, and Coleman A. Young Municipal Center.[12]

The Renaissance Center is owned by General Motors. The hotel in the central tower is now managed by the Marriott hotel chain and is called the Detroit Marriott at the Renaissance Center. The 1,298-room hotel is one of the largest operated by Marriott. The rooftop restaurant (which no longer revolves) received a $10 million renovation and is operated by The Epicurean Groups's Coach Insignia. It serves Coach wines, a product of the Fisher family whose legacy includes Fisher Body, a name which is part of GM history.[22]

The Renaissance Center's renovation provides for the prospect of continued development and restorations throughout the city. Architectural critics have touted the city's architecture as among America's finest.[11][23]

In July 2010, Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan announced plans to lease 435,245 square feet (40,435.6 m2) of Tower 500 and Tower 600 and relocate 3,000 of its employees from its building in Southfield, Michigan.

In January 2015, General Motors announced its intent to renovate much of the complex, including GM World and the street-level exterior, to make it more inviting as a destination for visitors to Detroit.[24]

Location

A view of the Detroit International Riverfront from Belle Isle.

The Renaissance Center's modernist architecture balances the city's panoramic waterfront skyline, a frequent feature in photography taken from the Canadian city of Windsor, Ontario.[16] From the top of the Renaissance Center's Coach Insignia restaurant, patrons peer down upon the neogothic spires of One Detroit Center and city's Financial District skyscrapers and stadiums. The view from the top extends for 30 miles (48 km) in all directions. The University of Detroit Mercy School of Law is located just across Jefferson Avenue. A pedestrian walkway over Jefferson Avenue connects the complex to the Millender Center and leads beyond to the Coleman A. Young Municipal Center. Hart Plaza, Cobo Center (home to the North American International Auto Show) and Joe Louis Arena, home of the Detroit Red Wings, are several blocks to the west. Comerica Park and Ford Field, venues for the Detroit Tigers and Detroit Lions, respectively, are approximately one-mile north. The US portal of the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel emerges adjacent to the western boundary of the Renaissance Center. Renaissance Center is a station on the Detroit People Mover.[16]

International Riverfront and Rivard Plaza Merry-Go-Round.

The opening scenes of Thunder in the Skies, the seventh episode of the BBC science-history documentary Connections by James Burke, were visibly filmed in the then-new Renaissance Center (1978).

A scene between Donald Sutherland and Belinda Bauer was filmed along the riverfront outside the Renaissance Center in The Rosary Murders (1987).

The Renaissance Center is featured in the film Action Jackson (1988).

In the film Collision Course starring Jay Leno and Pat Morita, the Renaissance Center is featured when Morita's character and Leno meet for the first time; Morita is considered a suspect and chased through the hotel (1989).

In the film Presumed Innocent, there is a skyline view of Detroit very early in the film which clearly shows the Renaissance Center, filmed from across the river in Windsor, Ontario (1990).

The film Bird on a Wire (starring Mel Gibson and Goldie Hawn) shot a chase scene inside the Renaissance Center (1990).

From 1982 to 1991, the Detroit Grand Prix was contested on a street circuit encompassing the Renaissance Center.

The opening scene of Renaissance Man shows Danny DeVito driving down Jefferson Avenue, late for a business meeting at the Renaissance Center, when he receives the phone call that fires him from his job. (1994).[25]

The Renaissance Center is featured in the film Grosse Pointe Blank (1997).

In the Steven Soderbergh film adaptation of Out of Sight, the main characters meet in the revolving restaurant atop the Renaissance Center. The scene was filmed on location (1998).[26]

"King of Pop" Michael Jackson stayed at the hotel while on business trip on July 15, 1998.[27] His visit brought large crowds to the building lobby.[28][29]

The film Detroit Rock City has views of the Renaissance Center, which would have been newly constructed during the film's 1978 setting (1999).

The Renaissance Center was featured in the Kevin Costner and Joan Allen film The Upside of Anger. Costner's character plays a DJ for WRIF 101 FM, a real Detroit FM rock station, whose studio (in the film) is housed in the Renaissance Center (2004).

For the 2005 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, which was played at Comerica Park in Detroit, the center tower of the Renaissance Center was wrapped with an image of a large baseball smashing into the tower, with "4,612 FT" written below it to indicate the distance from home plate at Comerica Park (see photograph above). For Super Bowl XL, held at Detroit's Ford Field on February 5, 2006, a large National Football League logo was wrapped around the main tower just beneath the GM logo. The Renaissance Center also hosted the major media for Super Bowl XL. GM offered the Wintergarden a venue for the annual Fash Bash, a fashion event and fundraiser coordinated by the Detroit Institute of Arts.[30]

Kid Rock's music video for "Roll On" featured the Renaissance Center along with several other well-known structures in Detroit. The History Channel's Life After People: The Series "Roads to Nowhere" episode featured the Renaissance Center. Renaissance Center replicas have become souvenir items, along with other Detroit skyscrapers (2008).[31]

The building was featured on the cover of Eminem's seventh studio album Recovery (2010).

The Renaissance Center, along with other Detroit landmarks, appears frequently in the television drama Detroit 1-8-7 (2010).

It was used as a primary filming location for the film "Real Steel", starring Hugh Jackman (2011).[32]

In a book by Adrian Humphreys titled The Weasel: A Double Life in the Mob, the former driver of Jimmy Hoffa and a mob associate Marvin "The Weasel" Elkind stated that Hoffa is buried in the foundations of the Renaissance Center (2011).[33][34]

The series finale of Motor City Masters was filmed in the GM World exhibit in the lower level of the RenCen (2014).[35]

The Renaissance Center and the warehouse district to the east of it feature prominently in the climax of Contagious (novel), the second book in New York Times #1 bestselling author Scott Sigler's Infected Trilogy.

Architecture

The centerpiece is the 73-story 727-foot (221.5 m) luxury hotel with 1,246 rooms and 52 suites (1298 total guest rooms). Its height is measured from its main Wintergarden entrance on Atwater Street which faces the International Riverfront where the complex measures 14 feet (4.3 m) taller. Entirely owned by General Motors, the complex has 5,552,000 square feet (515,800 m2) of space.[5][36] The main Renaissance Center complex rises from a 14-acre (5.7 ha) site.[36] The complex is designed in the Modern architectural style with glass as a main material.

Renaissance Center from the Riverfront
Circulation Ring of Renaissance Center

Famous for its cylindrical design, the central hotel tower's diameter is 188 feet (57 m).[36] A lighted glass walkway radiates the mezzanine level and encircles the base of cylindrical hotel tower for ease of navigation. This ringed glass walkway is about 12 feet (3.7 m) wide and has a circumference of approximately 660 feet (200 m) or about one-eighth of a mile around.[36] The ringed walkway's diameter is approximately 210 feet (64 m). It links to several other walkways in the complex. The five-story Wintergarden atrium leads into the central area which has an eight-story atrium lobby with rounded concrete balconies and terraces. Floors 71 through 73 include the Coach Insignia, an upscale restaurant with a lounge area/observation floor where the view extends for over 30 miles (48.3 km). The hotel has no floor labeled 7, 8, or 13. The hotel features a major conference center with 100,000 square feet (9,300 m2) of meeting space including a Renaissance Ballroom for up to 2,200 guests with 26,000 square feet (2,400 m2) for events, one of the largest in the United States.[10][11]

John Portman designed the five-building rosette with interior spaces.[11] In 1977, its central tower opened as the tallest hotel in the world.[9] It remains the tallest all hotel skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere.[9] The smaller cylinders on sides of all the towers house the elevators. The four surrounding 39-story office towers (100–400) each reach 522 feet (159 m) and have a total of 2,200,000 square feet (204,400 m2) of space.[14][36] Each 39-story tower has a base five-story podium structure with 165,000 square feet (15,300 m2) for retail space for a total of 660,000 square feet (61,000 m2).[14] A portion of the central atrium area houses GM World, a show case for GM vehicles. Two 21-story towers (500–600), designed by Portman and constructed in 1981, reach 339 feet (103 m). GM gained control of Towers 500 and 600 in 2001.[14] Tower 500 has 307,300 square feet (28,550 m2) of office space and an additional 14,485 square feet (1,350 m2) of retail space.[37] Tower 600 has 304,200 square feet (28,260 m2) of office space and an additional 35,730 square feet (3,320 m2) of retail space.[38]

Towers 100 and 200 front Jefferson Avenue. Towers 300 and 400 are on the main Wintergarden/Atwater Street entrance facing the Riverfront. The GM Renaissance Conference Center is located on the second floor of tower 300.[14]

In December 2001, the General Motors unveiled the Wintergarden retail atrium. Designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, it rises 103 feet (31 m) tall at its highest point opening direct access to the International Riverfront. In addition, the five-story Wintergarden atrium area, added in 2001, has 150,000 square feet (14,000 m2) devoted to retail with 40,000 square feet (3,700 m2) of contiguous main floor exhibit space which was used by the media during Super Bowl XL.[14]

The design is consistent with the themes of Brutalist architecture, especially in the heavy massing of concrete on the lower floors, but the 2001 renovation has softened those features.

Redevelopment

GM Plaza and Promenade at the Renaissance Center along the International Riverfront.

The redevelopment project included the work of many different architects including Skidmore, Owings & Merrill of Chicago, SmithGroup of Detroit, Gensler Detroit office, and Ghafari Associates of Dearborn who did the renovation of the office towers. The majority of the construction operations were led by Turner Construction Company. The structural glass and steel for the Wintergarden, the entrance lobby as well as the mezzanine glass walkway were contributed by Mero. The cost of the renovation does not include the cost for reconfiguring the streets around the Renaissance Center or the cost of the park along the International Riverfront.

The $500 million renovation of the Renaissance Center completed in 2003 has helped improve Detroit's economy.[12] Together, GM's renovation of the Renaissance Center and the Detroit Riverwalk exceeded $1 billion; the project constituted a substantial investment in downtown. More than 10,000 people (of whom 6,000 are GM employees) work in the complex.[36] Nearly 2,000 state workers now occupy GM's former office building, the restored Cadillac Place, in the historic New Center district.[20]

The Wintergarden was added to the Renaissance Center in 2001, along with retail shops and restaurants.

The Wintergarden added to the Renaissance Center faces the Riverfront and provides panoramic views of the Windsor skyline. The complex connects offices, the hotel, retail specialty shops, restaurants, a jazz club, and a movie theater. A pedestrian-friendly glass entryway has replaced the former concrete berms along Jefferson Avenue. The redevelopment provides the GM World display of vehicles, a restored hotel, a renovated rooftop restaurant, and the addition of GM's corporate logo to crown the top of the building. Construction of the lighted glass walkway facilitates ease of navigation encircling the interior mezzanine. Hines completed redevelopment of Towers 500 and 600 for GM in 2004.[14][37][38]

The Riverfront Promenade was dedicated on December 17, 2004, and helped to usher in a return to recreational uses along Detroit's International Riverfront. GM played a key role in the transformation of the east riverfront with a donation of $135 million to the Detroit Riverfront Conservancy for the development of a world class riverfront promenade planned at $559 million, which included $50 million from the Kresge foundation.[39] In 2011, the Detroit Wayne County Port Authority opened its new state of the art cruise ship dock and passenger terminal on Hart Plaza, adjacent to the Renaissance Center.[40][41] Port authority bonds financed another 1,500 space parking garage adjacent to the Renaissance Center. Further upriver, the Roberts Riverwalk Hotel faces the east riverfront. In addition to the gradual continuation of the riverfront promenade, other planned projects complementing the Renaissance Center continue along the International Riverfont which include development of luxury condominiums, a cruise ship passenger terminal, retail, and entertainment venues.[42]

In 2011, the Renaissance Center added colored LED lighting on the top of its towers (Towers 500 and 600 utilize traditional blue floodlights to illuminate their top floors). General Motors added a large illuminated LED corporate logo which also displays GM divisions. The animated logo and illuminated LED color bands around the towers can be used to support special events and may be seen from Comerica Park, home of the Detroit Tigers. The renovation of Cobo Center convention and exhibit facility incorporates similar blue neon lighting along riverfront promenade.

Technical details

Building Image Year Stories Height
feet / m		 Area
sq feet / m²		 Principal tenant(s)
Detroit Marriott
at the Renaissance Center.
(Central hotel tower)		 1977
2004		 73 727 / 221.5 1,812,000 / 168,300
estimate		 Marriott hotel with the Coach Insignia restaurant located at the top.
Southwest – Tower 100 1977
2004		 39 522 / 159 550,000 / 51,100 General Motors

HP Enterprise Services
United States Post Office

Northwest – Tower 200 1977
2004		 39 522 / 159 550,000 / 51,100 Ally Financial Headquarters

Deloitte

Northeast – Tower 300 1977
2004		 39 522 / 159 550,000 / 51,100 General Motors

The Renaissance Conference Center on level 2 contains 20,000 sq ft (1,900 m2). of meeting space.[43]

Southeast – Tower 400 1977
2004		 39 522 / 159 550,000 / 51,100 General Motors

OnStar

CBRE

Consulate-General of Japan, Detroit.[44]

Podium structures beneath
Towers 100–400		 1977
2004		 5 103 / 31.39 660,000 / 61,300 GM Showroom

Food Court

Exhibit space & retail

Tower 500 1981
2004		 21 339 / 103 320,000 / 29,700 Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan. Includes 14,845 sq ft (1,380 m2) of retail space.[37]
Tower 600 1981
2004		 21 339 / 103 340,000 / 31,600 Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan and Consulate-General of Canada.[45] Includes 35,730 sq ft (3,320 m2) of retail space.[38]
Wintergarden & Restaurants 2001 5 103 / 31.39 150,000 / 14,000 Andiamo

Presto

Wintergarden atrium 2001 5 103 / 31.39 40,000 / 3,700 Main entry and exhibit space.
Renaissance Center total 1977
2004		 NA 727 / 221.5 5,552,000 / 515,800 Owner of complex: General Motors.
Property management firm: CBRE.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Renaissance Center at Emporis
  2. ↑ Renaissance Center at Glass Steel and Stone
  3. 1 2 "Renaissance Center". SkyscraperPage.
  4. ↑ Renaissance Center at Structurae
  5. 1 2 3 GM Renaissance Center – Project Facts. Skidmore Ownings & Merrill. Retrieved on August 21, 2009.
  6. ↑ "Detroit Marriott at the Renaissance Center Facts". CTBUH Skyscraper Database. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
  7. ↑ Marriott Renaissance Center at Emporis
  8. ↑ Renaissance Center at Structurae
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Official World's 100 Tallest High Rise Buildings (Hotel Use). Emporis.com. Retrieved on May 30, 2008.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Meyer, Katherine Mattingly; McElroy, Martin C.P.; Introduction by W. Hawkins Ferry, Hon A.I.A. (1980). Detroit Architecture A.I.A. Guide Revised Edition. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-1651-4.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sharoff, Robert (2005). American City: Detroit Architecture. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-3270-6.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Mercer, Tenisha (19 October 2005). "GM's RenCen renovation attracts new business back". The Detroit News. Retrieved 2007-07-24.
  13. ↑ AIA Detroit Urban Priorities Committee, (January 10, 2006).Top 10 Detroit Interiors Model D Media.Retrieved on November 23, 2007.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 GM Renaissance Center.Hines. Retrieved on July 7, 2008.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Detroit News Staff (September 29, 2001). How the Renaissance Center changed the landscape of Detroit Michigan History, The Detroit News. Retrieved on November 23, 2007. Archived August 18, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  16. 1 2 3 Hill, Eric J.; Gallagher, John (2002). AIA Detroit: The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-3120-3.
  17. ↑ "Detroit Marriott at the Renaissance Center". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2009-09-19.
  18. ↑ Poremba, David Lee (2001). Detroit in Its World Setting (timeline). Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-2870-9.
  19. ↑ Gavrilovich, Peter; McGraw, Bill (2006). The Detroit Almanac (2nd ed.). Detroit Free Press. ISBN 978-0-937247-48-8.
  20. 1 2 New Center Council. Retrieved on May 16, 2009.
  21. ↑ Portman, John; Barnett, Jonathan (1976). The Architect as Developer. McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-07-050536-5.
  22. ↑ Coach Insignia. The Epicurean Group. Retrieved on October 23, 2013.
  23. ↑ Look Up: Top 10 Downtown Buildings, AIA Detroit.Model D media, Retrieved on July 4, 2010.
  24. ↑ Welch, Sherri (16 January 2016). "GM to launch large-scale renovation of Renaissance Center this summer". Crain's Detroit. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
  25. ↑ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0110971/
  26. ↑ Out of Sight Filming Locations IMDB
  27. ↑ "Michael Jackson visit to Detroit for Don Barden's Casino Promotion (unedited images) July 6 1998 Rolls 5 to 8". Bill Sanders-smugmug.com.
  28. ↑ "Michael Jackson: 1998 July 15, Detroit". Fanpop.com.
  29. ↑ "Michael Jackson: 1998 July 15, Detroit". Fanpop.com.
  30. ↑ Hodges, Michael H. (September 8, 2003).Fox Theatre's rebirth ushered in city's renewal. Michigan History, The Detroit News. Retrieved on August 16, 2008. Archived January 9, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
  31. ↑ InFocusTech skyscrapers. Retrieved on July 16, 2009.
  32. ↑ "Real Steel Film Locations". The Worldwide Guide To Movie Locations. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  33. ↑ Humphreys, Adrian (2011). The Weasel: A Double Life in the Mob (1st ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0470964514.
  34. ↑ Hamilton, Brad (December 25, 2011). "Is this the final resting place of Jimmy Hoffa?". New York Post. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
  35. ↑ Bendall, Izzi (2014). "TruTV in Detroit to Select 'America's Next Great Car Designer'". DBusiness Magazine. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Historical Perspective. GM Renaissance Center. Retrieved on July 7, 2008.
  37. 1 2 3 Tower 500.Hines. Retrieved on August 22, 2009.
  38. 1 2 3 Tower 600.Hines. Retrieved on August 22, 2009.
  39. ↑ Detroit News Editorial (December 13, 2002). At Last, Sensible Dream for Detroit's Riverfront. Detroit News.
  40. ↑ Detroit Wayne County Port Authority Breaks Ground on $11.25 Million Public Dock and Terminal. (June 21, 2004). PRNewswire. Retrieved on July 24, 2008.
  41. ↑ Gallagher, John (17 July 2011). "First Cruise Passengers Arrive at new Detroit Terminal". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 2013-12-02.
  42. ↑ The world is coming, see the change. City of Detroit Partnership. Retrieved on May 16, 2009.
  43. ↑ "Renaissance Conference Center". Rencenmeetings.com. Archived from the original on 2014-02-08. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
  44. ↑ "Location." Consulate-General of Japan, Detroit. Retrieved on February 1, 2009.
  45. ↑ "Office Location." Consulate-General of Canada in Detroit. Retrieved on February 1, 2009.

Further reading

  • Desiderio, Francis (Spring 2009). "A Catalyst for Downtown': Detroit's Renaissance Center". Michigan Historical Review. 35 (1): 83–112. ISSN 0890-1686. (subscription required (help)). 
  • Fisher, Dale (2003). Building Michigan: A Tribute to Michigan's Construction Industry. Grass Lake, MI: Eyry of the Eagle. ISBN 1-891143-24-7. 
  • Poremba, David Lee (2003). Detroit: A Motor City History. Making of America. Charleston, SC: Arcadia. ISBN 0-7385-2435-2. 
  • Thomas, June Manning (1997). Redevelopment and Race: Planning a Finer City in Postwar Detroit. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 
  • Woodford, Arthur M. (2001). This is Detroit 1701–2001. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-2914-4. 
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