List of Indo-European languages

The approximate present-day distribution of the Indo-European branches within their homelands of Europe and Asia:

Albanian

Armenian

Balto-Slavic (Baltic)

Balto-Slavic (Slavic)

Celtic

Germanic

Hellenic (Greek)

Indo-Iranian (Indo-Aryan, Iranian, and Nuristani)

Italic (Romance)

Non-Indo-European languages

Dotted/striped areas indicate where multilingualism is common.

Indo-European topics
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Languages List of Indo-European languages Historical Albanian Armenian Balto-Slavic Baltic Slavic Celtic Germanic Hellenic Greek Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Italic Romance Extinct Anatolian Tocharian Paleo-Balkan Dacian Illyrian Liburnian Messapian Mysian Paeonian Phrygian Thracian Reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language Phonology: Sound laws, Accent, Ablaut Hypothetical Daco-Thracian Graeco-Armenian Graeco-Aryan Graeco-Phrygian Indo-Hittite Italo-Celtic Thraco-Illyrian Grammar Vocabulary Root Verbs Nouns Pronouns Numerals Particles Other Proto-Anatolian Proto-Armenian Proto-Germanic (Proto-Norse) Proto-Celtic Proto-Italic Proto-Greek Proto-Balto-Slavic (Proto-Slavic) Proto-Indo-Iranian (Proto-Iranian)
Philology Hittite texts Hieroglyphic Luwian Linear B Rigveda Avesta Homer Behistun Gaulish epigraphy Latin epigraphy Runic epigraphy Ogam Gothic Bible Armenian Bible Slanting Brahmi Old Irish glosses
Origins Homeland Proto-Indo-Europeans Society Religion Mainstream Kurgan hypothesis Indo-European migrations Eurasian nomads Alternative and fringe Anatolian hypothesis Armenian hypothesis Paleolithic Continuity Theory Baltic homeland Indigenous Aryans
Archaeology Chalcolithic (Copper Age) Pontic Steppe Domestication of the horse Kurgan culture Kurgan Bug-Dniester Samara Khvalynsk Sredny Stog Dnieper-Donets Usatovo Yamna Kemi Oba Maykop East-Asia Afanasevo Eastern Europe Cernavodă Cucuteni Northern Europe Corded ware Baden Middle Dnieper Bronze Age Pontic Steppe Chariot Yamna Catacomb Poltavka Srubna Northern/Eastern Steppe Corded ware Abashevo culture Andronovo Sintashta Europe Beaker Tumulus Unetice Urnfield Lusatian Nordic Bronze Age Terramare Trzciniec South-Asia BMAC Yaz Gandhara grave Iron Age Steppe Chernoles Europe Thraco-Cimmerian Hallstatt Jastorf Caucasus Colchian India Painted Grey Ware Northern Black Polished Ware
Peoples and societies Bronze Age Anatolians Armenians Mycenaean Greeks Indo-Iranians Iron Age Indo-Aryans Indo-Aryans Iranians Iranians Scythians Persians Medes Europe Celts Gauls Celtiberians Insular Celts Hellenic peoples Italic peoples Germanic peoples Paleo-Balkans/Anatolia: Thracians Dacians Illyrians Phrygians Middle Ages East-Asia Tocharians Europe Balts Slavs Albanians Medieval Europe Indo-Aryan Medieval India Iranian Greater Persia
Religion and mythology Reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion Proto-Indo-Iranian religion Historical Hittite Indian Vedic Hinduism Buddhism Jainism Iranian Persian Zoroastrianism Yazidism Yarsanism Ossetian Kurdish Other Armenian Europe Paleo-Balkans Greek Roman Celtic Irish Scottish Breton Welsh Cornish Germanic Anglo-Saxon Continental Norse Baltic Latvian Lithuanian Slavic
Academic research Indo-European studies Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European Journal of Indo-European Studies Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch Indo-European Etymological Dictionary The Horse, the Wheel and Language

The Indo-European languages include some 439 (SIL estimate^[1]) languages and dialects spoken by about three billion people, including most of the major language families of Europe and western Asia, which belong to a single superfamily. Each subfamily in this list contains many subgroups and individual languages.

Albanian language

Anatolian languages (extinct)

Armenian language

Modern Armenian
- Eastern Armenian
- Western Armenian
  - Homshetsi
- mixed Lomavren
Proto-Armenian (extinct)
Classical Armenian
Middle Armenian

Baltic languages

Extinct languages:

Old Prussian
Curonian (disputed; see Origin of Curonian)
Galindian
Selonian
Semigallian
Skalvian
Sudovian (Yotvingian)

Celtic languages

Continental Celtic (all extinct; a paraphyletic grouping)
- Gaulish
- Lepontic
- Galatian
- Celtiberian
Insular Celtic
- Goidelic
  - Galwegian Gaelic (extinct)
  - Irish
  - Scottish Gaelic
  - Manx
  - Shelta (cant)
  - Beurla Reagaird
- Brittonic
  - Welsh
  - Breton
  - Cornish
  - Cumbric
  - Ivernic (hypothetical)
  - Pictish
Unclassified
- Gallaecian (extinct)
- Noric (extinct)

Germanic languages

East Germanic (all extinct)
North Germanic
- East
  - Danish
    - Bornholmsk
    - Jutlandic
  - Gutnish
  - Swedish
  - Elfdalian
- West
  - Icelandic
  - Faroese
  - Norn (extinct)
  - Norwegian
    - Bokmål
    - Nynorsk
    - Høgnorsk
    - Sognamål
    - Stavangersk
    - Trøndersk
    - Hallingmål-Valdris
    - Vestlandsk
    - Arendalsk
    - Bergensk
    - Sandnes
    - Vikværsk
    - Meldal
    - Trondheimsk
    - Brønnøy
West Germanic

Hellenic languages (Greek)

Greek
- Mycenaean Greek (extinct)
- Aeolic Greek
- Arcadocypriot
- Ancient Macedonian^[2] (extinct)
- Attic (extinct)
- Doric (extinct)
- Koine (extinct)
  - Medieval Greek (extinct)
    - Modern Greek
      - Cretan
      - Demotic
      - Katharevousa
      - Cypriot
      - Yevanic (probably extinct)
      - Griko
      - Calabrian
      - Pontic
- Romano-Greek
- Eastern
  - Ionic (extinct)
- Western
  - Doric (extinct)
    - Tsakonian

Indo-Iranian languages

Indo-Aryan languages
- Central Indo-Aryan languages
- East Central Indo-Aryan languages
- Eastern Indo-Aryan languages
  - Bengali-Assamese languages
    - Assamese
    - Bengali
    - Bishnupriya Manipuri
    - Chakma
    - Chittagonian
    - Hajong
    - Halbi
    - Kharia Thar
    - Kayort
    - Kurmukar
    - Mal Paharia
    - Mirgan
    - Nahari
    - Rajbangsi
    - Rohingya
    - Sylheti
    - Tangchangya
  - Bihari languages
    - Angika
    - Bajjika
    - Bhojpuri
    - Caribbean Hindustani
    - Khortha
    - Kudmali
    - Magadhi
    - Maithili
    - Majhi
    - Musasa
    - Oraon Sadri
    - Pali
    - Panchpargania
    - Sadri
    - Surajpuri
  - Oriya languages
    - Adivasi Oriya
    - Bhatri
    - Bhunjia
    - Bodo Parja
    - Kosli
    - Kupia
    - Oriya
    - Relli
- Northern
  - Nepali
  - Garhwali
  - Kumaoni
  - Jumli
  - Palpa
  - Dogri-Kangri languages
    - Dogri
    - Kangri
    - Mandeali
    - Jaunsari
    - Kullu
    - Pahari Kinnauri
    - Sirmauri
    - Hinduri
    - Mahasu Pahari
- North-Western Indo-Aryan languages
  - Dardic languages (The relation of this subgroup to other Indo Aryan languages is unclear.)
    - Chitral languages
      - Kalasha-mun
      - Khowar
    - Kashmiri
    - Kohistani languages
      - Bateri
      - Chilisso
      - Gowro
      - Maiya
      - Kalami
      - Kalkoti
      - Tirahi
      - Torwali
      - Wotapuri-Katargalai
    - Kunar languages
      - Pashayi
      - Dameli
      - Gawar-Bati
      - Grangali
      - Shumashti
    - Shina languages
      - Brokstat
      - Domaaki
      - Kohistani Shina
      - Phalura
      - Savi
      - Shina
      - Ushojo
    - Lahnda
    - Jakati
    - Khetrani
    - Pothohari
    - Hindko
    - Saraiki
  - Gujarati languages
    - Gujarati
    - Kachchi
  - Sindhi languages
    - Jadgali
    - Lasi
    - Sindhi
    - Sindhi Bhil
- Nuristani languages
  - Askunu
  - Kamkata-viri
  - Vasi-vari
  - Tregami
  - Waigali
  - Zemiaki
  - Kalasha-ala
- Sanskrit
- Southern Indo-Aryan languages
  - Marathi–Konkani languages
    - Konkani
    - Katkari
    - Kukna
    - Phudagi
    - Samvedi
    - Varli
    - Marathi
  - Sinhalese-Maldivian languages
    - Sinhala
      - Vedda (Sinhala-based creole)
    - Maldivian
- Unclassified
  - Are
  - Bhalay
  - Deccan
  - Gowlan
  - Romani
    - Angloromani
    - Balkan Romani
    - Bohemian Romani (extinct)
    - Caló
    - Finnish Kalo
    - Kalderash Romani
    - Kurbet
    - Laiuse Romani (extinct)
    - Romano-Greek
    - Romano-Serbian
    - Scandoromani
    - Sinte Romani
    - Welsh-Romani
  - Varhadi-Nagpuri language
  - Savji language
Iranian languages
- Eastern Iranian languages
  - Northeastern Iranian languages
  - Southeastern Iranian languages
- Western Iranian languages
  - Northwestern Iranian languages
    - Parthian (extinct)
    - Kurdish
    - Zaza
    - Balochi
      - Koroshi
    - Khuri
    - Talysh
      - Old Azeri (extinct)
      - Tati
      - Harzandi
      - Karingani
      - Kho'ini
      - Gozarkhani
      - Kajali
      - Koresh-e Rostam
      - Maraghei
      - Razajerdi
      - Shahrudi
    - Ashtiani
      - Vafsi
    - Alviri-Vidari
    - Khunsari
    - Gazi
    - Zoroastrian Dari
    - Nayini
  - Southwestern Iranian languages
    - Persian
      - Bukhori
      - Dari
      - Tajik
      - Hazaragi
      - Aimaq
      - Sistani
      - Pahlavni (extinct)
      - Judeo-Persian
      - Dezfuli
      - Luri
        Bakhtiari
      - Sivandi
      - Kuhmareyi
    - Lari
      - Bashkardi
      - Kumzari
    - Tat
      - Judeo-Tat
    - Semnani
    - Gilaki
    - Mazanderani
      - Gorgani
    - Deylami (extinct)

Italic languages

Sabellic (extinct)
- Oscan
  - Volscian
- Umbrian
Latino-Faliscan (extinct)
Venetic (extinct; either Italic or closely related to Italic)
Romance languages
- Italo-Western languages
  - Italo-Dalmatian languages
    - Dalmatian (extinct)
    - Istriot
    - Tuscan
    - Venetian
    - Corsican
    - Sassarese
    - Sicilian
    - Neapolitan
      - Apulian
    - Judeo-Italian
  - Western Romance languages
    - Gallo-Romance languages
      - French
        Angevin
        
        Berrichon
        
        Champenois
        
        Poitevin
        
        Saintongeais
      - Lorrain
      - Picard
      - Walloon
      - Norman
        Anglo-Norman
        
        Guernésiais
        
        Jèrriais
      - Burgundian
        Frainc-Comtou
      - Franco-Provençal (Arpitan)
      - Savoyard
      - Gallo
      - Romansh
      - Ladin
      - Occitan
      - Catalan
        Balearic
        
        Valencian
      - Piedmontese
      - Ligurian
      - Lombard
      - Emilian-Romagnol
        Emilian
        
        Romagnol
    - Iberian Romance languages
      - Asturian
      - Cantabrian
      - Extremaduran
      - Leonese
      - Mirandese
      - Spanish
      - Fala
      - Galician
      - Portuguese
      - Aragonese
      - Mozarabic (extinct)
- Eastern Romance languages
- Sardinian

Slavic languages

Proto-Slavic
- East Slavic languages
  - Old East Slavic (extinct)
  - Belarusian
  - Russian
    - Doukhobor
    - Old Novgorodian (Extinct)
    - Pomor
  - Ruthenian (extinct)
  - Rusyn
    - Pannonian Rusyn
  - Motolian
  - West Polesian
  - Ukrainian
    - Balachka
    - Canadian Ukrainian
- South Slavic languages
  - Old Church Slavonic
  - Bulgarian
    - Banat Bulgarian
    - Meshterski
  - Macedonian
  - Torlakian (pidgin)
    - Gorani
  - Serbo-Croatian
    - Bosnian
    - Croatian
      - Chakavian
      - Burgenland Croatian
    - Kajkavian (extinct)
    - Montenegrin
    - Serbian
    - Shtokavian
      - Bunjevac
      - Slavomolisano
  - Slovene
    - Resian
    - Wendish
- West Slavic languages
  - Czech
    - Moravian
  - Kashubian (Pomeranian)
  - Polish
    - Old Polish (extinct)
    - Lesser Polish
    - Masovian
    - Masurian
    - Podhale
  - Lachian
  - Silesian (disputed)
    - Cieszyn Silesican
  - Slovak
    - Eastern Slovak
  - Sorbian
    - Lower Sorbian
    - Upper Sorbian
  - Polabian (extinct)
  - Knaanic (extinct)
  - Slovincian (extinct)

Tocharian languages (extinct)

Tocharian A (Turfanian, East Tocharian or Agnean)
Tocharian B (Kuchean or West Tocharian)
Tocharian C (Kröanian)

Indo-European languages whose relationship to other languages in the family is unclear

Cimmerian, possibly related to Thracian or Iranian
Ancient Ligurian, possibly related to Italic or Celtic
Lomavren
Dacian
Thracian
Illyrian
Messapian
Paionian
Phrygian

References

↑ "Ethnologue report for Indo-European". Ethnologue.com.
↑ "Ancient Macedonian". MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships. Retrieved 28 March 2016.

External links

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