North–South Rail Link

North Station

South Station

The North–South Rail Link would close a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) gap at the center of the regional rail network.

The North–South Rail Link is a proposed pair of rail tunnels, each about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) long, that would connect North and South Stations in downtown Boston, Massachusetts.^[1]

The tunnels would better link Amtrak's various trains into and out of the city, as well as the northern and southern MBTA Commuter Rail lines. Currently, the Amtrak Downeaster line from Maine has no direct connection to the Northeast Corridor routes south and west.^[2] Both Amtrak and the commuter rail lines terminate at North and South Stations.

Historical connections

From 1872 to 1969, the freight-only Union Freight Railroad provided a direct, street running connection between most of the south-side and north-side railroads, and served local customers and wharves in between.

From 1901 to 1938, the Atlantic Avenue Elevated provided direct passenger service past North and South Stations. The elevated trackage was not connected to any of the conventional railroad tracks.

Present connections

Public transit connects North Station to South Station only indirectly, requiring two subway lines, either the Green Line and the Red Line, or the Orange Line and the Red Line. Amtrak recommends that passengers with young children or luggage take a taxi between the stations.^[3]

It is possible to traverse the gap via the Orange Line from Back Bay Station to North Station, but not all of the southern lines pass through Back Bay; the Old Colony Lines, and Fairmount Line on the Commuter Rail do not. However, this does provide a connection for Amtrak passengers who want to transfer from the Northeast Corridor to the Downeaster. Similarly, it is possible to connect between South Station and the Fitchburg Line via the Red Line to or from Porter station. The Weekday only MBTA Bus #4 connects the two stations. The North–South Rail Link is proposed to fill all these awkward gaps in service, with a direct connection requiring no transfers.

Proposals

There are several proposals to link South Station and North Station by rail.

The leading proposal, called the Dorchester Avenue Alignment, would dig two 41-foot-diameter (12 m) deep-bore tunnels beneath Boston, extending beyond the present rail yards north and south of the city. The tunnels would pass about 20 feet beneath the I-90 extension, and would reach their maximum depth of 130 feet (40 m) at a possible Central Station and at North Station.

Carrying a total of up to four tracks, the tunnels would have steep inclines. Trains entering or exiting the tunnels would climb or descend three percent grades, each nearly a mile long.^[4]

Because the tunnels would continue well south of downtown, three portals would accommodate separate connections to Back Bay Station to the west, the Old Colony Lines to the south, and the Fairmount Line running southwest. To the north, the tunnels would cross the Charles River about 70 feet below its surface (bypassing an existing drawbridge), and connect via portals to the Fitchburg Line and the other northbound rail lines.

The plan would require two or three new underground stations, which are proposed roughly beneath the current North and South Stations, and possibly a new Central Station near Aquarium Station. Central Station would have an 800-foot (240 m) platform; North Station and South Station would have 1,050-foot (320 m) platforms.

Pilings for a planned high-rise tower at South Station complicate a proposal to put the tunnels directly beneath the present South Station. Instead, the Dorchester Avenue Alignment proposal would move the tracks just east of South Station, and would build an underground facility about 100 feet (30 m) below the surface of the Fort Point Channel at the Summer Street crossing.^[5] Tracks at the underground South Station would have a 0.61% incline.

The new Central Station would connect with the Blue Line, the only rapid transit line in Boston that does not already connect with either North or South Station. The new station also would eliminate or reduce transfers to the light rail system for many commuter rail passengers with destinations in the central part of the business district. This would relieve transit congestion in the downtown core. The project is also expected to convert tens of thousands of automobile commuters to rail riders, relieving congestion somewhat on the Central Artery.

Like Philadelphia's SEPTA system after the similar Center City Commuter Connection tunnel was built and connected two commuter rail systems, some of Boston's trains would be through-routed from one side of the system to the other. Many services would still terminate at North and South Stations, on existing tracks that do not lead into the tunnels. This could also allow trains to pass parked train cars.

The DEIR/MIS assumes that about one-third of Amtrak trains to and from points south would be routed through the tunnel, stopping only at South Station, but with a stop north of Boston in Woburn, Massachusetts. The Downeaster service from Maine and New Hampshire was assumed to stop at North Station only, with a direct connection to more southerly service in Woburn rather than Boston. Thus, some operations would continue above ground at North Station and South Station, and all track and facilities would remain in place.^[6]

The tunnels would not be equipped to handle diesel locomotives, which may not be suited to the planned steep grades and closely spaced stops.^[7] That would force the MBTA to buy and run locomotives equipped for electric operation.

Route map of the North–South Rail Link (Dorchester Avenue Alignment)

Legend Lowell Line and Amtrak Downeaster Fitchburg Line Haverhill Line Commuter Rail Maintenance Facility (MBTA employees only) Newburyport/Rockport Line Proposed route Charles River Orange Line Green Line North Station Green Line Orange Line Central Station Aquarium Blue Line Red Line South Station Framingham/Worcester Line & Amtrak Lake Shore Limited Fort Point Channel Amtrak NEC; Needham, Franklin, & Providence/Stoughton Lines Bass River Red Line Fairmount Line Greenbush and Old Colony Lines

Status

In May 2006, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts withdrew its sponsorship of the project due to its high capital cost (projected at several billion dollars, with wide variations depending on which option is chosen). Without matching local funds, the project was ineligible for federal funding, and was no longer listed as an approved project in state and Boston MPO capital plans.

The April 2007 document Journey to 2030: Transportation Plan of the Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization said "the MPO feels that a study of the right-of-way requirements should be conducted for preservation of that right-of-way so as to not preclude this project's going forward in the future."^[8]

In December 2007, the Federal Railroad Administration was interested in funding this project if the Massachusetts Executive Office of Transportation was interested in sponsoring it.^[9]

In August 2009, the project was brought back into the spotlight as a component of the New England transportation plan, a coordinated effort by the six New England states to improve rail transportation infrastructure by competing for the $8 billion allocated for high-speed rail in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.^[10]

In December 2011, former Governor Michael S. Dukakis reiterated his long-term support for rail service, saying he had been trying to convince the current Massachusetts administration "to get serious about building a rail link" rather than expand South Station.^[11] In January 2014, Dukakis said he would prefer to have the North–South Rail Link named after him, rather than South Station, as the Massachusetts House of Representatives had voted unanimously to do.^[12]

In August 2015, former Governors Michael S. Dukakis and William F. Weld co-wrote an op-ed calling the link "One of the most important and cost-effective investments we can make".^[13] Based on their advocacy, MassDOT agreed to fund a $2 million study in February 2016.^[14]

Alternatives

As of 2015, the MBTA and Amtrak use the Grand Junction Line for non-revenue vehicle moves between the two sides of their networks. This alternative connection splits from the Framingham/Worcester Line near Boston University and the Mass Turnpike Allston/Brighton tolls, and the track then crosses the Charles River into Cambridge. From there, it runs through the East Cambridge neighborhood and into Somerville, where it connects to the commuter rail lines running from North Station just below the McGrath-O'Brien Highway. The line is single-tracked and slow, with a large number of at-grade crossings. Several of the crossings (e.g. Massachusetts Avenue, several streets around Kendall Square, Cambridge Street, and Gore Street) require trains to come to a near-complete stop before proceeding at their maximum allowed track speed of 10 miles per hour (16 km/h).^[15]:12 The line would potentially be served by the West Station proposed as part of the Beacon Park Yard redevelopment.^[16]

The corridor has also been proposed as part of the Urban Ring light rail or bus rapid transit project, or a possible pedestrian trail.^[15] Additionally, only Worcester Line trains would be directly served. Trains from other southern lines would have to detour and reverse all the way to the west of Back Bay and Yawkey stations to reach the connection.

An above-ground rail link between South and North Stations was once proposed by the local Association for Public Transportation (which also supports the underground North–South Rail Link). This would eliminate the need to use multiple rapid transit lines to travel between terminals, but would still require two transfers for Amtrak and commuter rail passengers passing through downtown Boston. Unless grade separated, the link would have to operate at slow speed through very congested downtown traffic.

See also

• Center City Commuter Connection — the 1.8 mile tunnel in Philadelphia which connected two dead-ended commuter terminals under the center of the city, and which opened in 1984
• Stuttgart 21 is a railway and urban development project in Stuttgart, Germany including some 30 kilometres (19 miles) of tunnels and 25 kilometres (16 miles) of high-speed lines.

References

• Proposed Monorail Would Link Boston's North, South Stations
• North–South Rail Link too expensive, panel says
• The conservation connection – The Boston Globe
• William M. Fowler Jr., director of the Massachusetts Historical Society
• The MASSACHUSETTS SIERRA CLUB: North South Rail Link

Further reading

• Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (2006). North South Rail Link, Draft Environmental Impact Report (Report). Archived from the original on November 28, 2006. 

External links

• North South Rail Link - an advocacy website

Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority
Subway lines (List of stations)	Heavy rail      Blue      Orange      Red Light rail      Green "B" Branch "C" Branch "D" Branch "E" Branch      Ashmont–Mattapan Former lines      Arborway Line      Atlantic Avenue Elevated      Causeway Street Elevated      Charlestown Elevated      Green Line "A" Branch      Washington Street Elevated
Commuter Rail lines (List of stations)	North Station lines Fitchburg Haverhill (Wildcat Branch) Lowell Newburyport/Rockport South Station lines Fairmount Framingham/Worcester Franklin Greenbush Needham Old Colony (Kingston/Plymouth Middleborough/Lakeville      CapeFLYER) Providence/Stoughton Former lines Central Mass Branch Dedham Branch Lexington Branch Millis Branch Woburn Branch
Bus routes (List of routes)	Silver Line Crosstown routes Key routes Trackless trolleys Routes East Boston, Chelsea, Revere Melrose, Reading, Stoneham, Wakefield South Boston
Other services	Boat The Ride
Component parts of system lines	Boylston Street Subway      Haymarket North Extension      Lechmere Viaduct      Tremont Street Subway
Capital projects	Under construction      Blue Hill Avenue station      Boston Landing station           Forest Hills modifications      Green Line Extension      Haverhill Line upgrades           Silver Line Gateway / Chelsea station      South Coast Rail In planning / proposed      Buzzards Bay extension      Foxboro service      Hynes Convention Center renovation      Kingston R.I. extension      Nashua extension      Route 16 extension      Wollaston renovation Formerly proposed      Arborway Line restoration      Indigo Line (Fairmount Grand Junction Track 61)      Lexington extension      Lynn extension      North–South Rail Link      Plaistow extension      Reading extension           Red Line—Blue Line Connector Urban Ring Project
History	Predecessor companies Boston Elevated Railway Streetcar lines Boston and Maine Railroad Conrail New York Central Railroad New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad Penn Central Eastern Massachusetts Street Railway Middlesex and Boston Street Railway Newton and Boston Street Railway Accidents and incidents      1990 Back Bay      2008 Waban/Woodland
Other	Accessibility Arts on the Line Bicycling CharlieCard Grand Junction Railroad "Charlie on the M.T.A." Nomenclature Police                Winter Street Concourse Yards and maintenance facilities