Portuguese vocabulary

Most of the Portuguese vocabulary comes from Latin, since Portuguese is a Romance language. However, other languages that came into contact with it have also left their mark. In the thirteenth century, the lexicon of Portuguese had about 80% words of Latin origin and 20% of pre-Roman Gallaecian, Celtic, Germanic and Arabic origin.[1]

Pre-Roman (Basque, Celtic and Iberian) languages of Portugal

Some traces of the languages of the native peoples of western Iberia (Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici or Conii) persist in the language, as shown below. Many places in Portugal for instance have pre-Roman, Celtic or Celtiberian names, such as the cities of Abrantes, Braga, Briteiros, Cantanhede, Coimbra, Évora, Lapa, Leiria, Setúbal, Sintra and several rivers like Ardila, Douro, Minho or Tâmega.

Basque:

A claim of Basque influence in Portuguese is the voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant [s̺], a sound transitional between laminodental [s] and palatal [ʃ]; this sound also influenced other Ibero-Romance languages and Catalan. The apico-alveolar retracted sibilant is a result of bilingualism of speakers of Basque and Vulgar Latin. Basque influence is prominent in Portuguese language and entered through Spanish, because aside from it is a result of bilingualism of speakers of Basque and Vulgar Latin, many Castilians (native speakers of Spanish) who took part in the Reconquista and later repopulation campaigns were of Basque lineage.

Names of Basque origin:

Forenames:

Surnames:

Celtic:

Although there is not a comprehensive study or wordcount on how much Celtic or Celtiberian survived in Portuguese (and Galician), it is fair to say that after Latin, this ancient language or fragments of several languages; left an important mark in the Portuguese language as we know it.

Placenames: There are numerous Celtic-derived towns and placenames in Portugal like Braganza (Bragança), Menir de Forjães, Menir do Castelo, Cabanas de Viriato, Dólmen da Pedreira, Borba, Bouçã, Britelo, Carvalhos, Carvalhosa, Carvalhal, Carvalhais, Carvalheira, Carvalhoa, Amieira, Amieiro, Vale do Amieiro, Gouveia, Lousã, Tojeira, Vargem, Vidoeira, Monte das Vargens and many others.

Forenames:

Surnames:

A considerable number of the Portuguese surnames (spread in all Portuguese-speaking countries and ex-colonies today) is Celtic or of Latinised, Celtic-borrowings. This is not a comprehensive list of those.

derivatives: acamurçado, camurçado 'made of suede, suede-like', acamurçar [v], encamurçar [v] 'to cover with leather, to die or treat leather making it look like suede', camurcina 'suedette' (fabric)

Projections on Celtic vocabulary (excluding more modern French and other loanwords), toponyms and derivations in Portuguese, indicate over 1,000 words.

Iberian:

Projections on Iberian vocabulary, toponyms and derivations in Portuguese, indicate just a few dozen words in total.

Germanic languages

The Germanic influence (Suebi, Visigoths, Buri, Vandals) in Portuguese is often related to warfare/military topics, but also exists in other vocabulary like animals texugo (badger), natural world orvalho (dew), Human qualities like franqueza (frankness, candour), orgulho (pride), some verbs like brigar (to quarrel), town and placenames such as Ermesinde and Esposende, where sinde and sende for instance; are derived from the Germanic "sinths" (military expedition), numerous Suebi[85] derivations like, Freamunde (from 'Fredemundus'), Vermunde, Amonde (Onomondi), Samonde, Gimonde, Aldão,[86] Guadramil, Gondomil, Samil, Esmoriz, Alhariz (toponymic of Aliaricus), Oriz, Touriz, Roriz, Gondoriz, Gondizalves, Gondar, Gondomar, Gondarém, Gudim, Torres Vedras (from Turres Veteras, 'old tower'[87]), Sousa, Terras de Sousa and Terras de Bouro (land of the Buri), Serra do Bouro, Bouro, are found mainly in the Minho and Douro regions. Many of these words entered the language during the late antiquity, either as words introduced into Vulgar Latin elsewhere, or as words brought along by the Suebi who settled in Gallaecia (Northern Portugal and Galicia) in the 5th century, and also by the Visigoths who annexed the Suebic Kingdom in 585 and ruled until the 8th century AD. Other words were incorporated to Portuguese during the Middle Ages, mostly proceeding from French and Occitan languages, as both cultures had a massive impact in Portuguese during the 12th and 13th centuries. More recently, other words with Germanic origin have been incorporated, either directly from English or other Germanic languages, or indirectly through French. Projections indicate over 600 Germanic loan words dating back to the Germanic, Post-Roman invasions and settlements. The number of subsequent Germanic loanwords incorporated into Portuguese in more recent centuries is uncertain, but likely to make a few hundred words more.

Arabic

Projections indicate between 400 to 800 Arabic loan words. Today, this proportion has decreased as the language became richer, some words fell into disuse and newer borrowings from Greek, Latin and other languages entered the vocabulary.

The Mozambican currency Metical was derived from the word mitqāl ( مطقال ), an Arabic unit of weight. The name Mozambique itself is an Arabic name, from sultan Muça Alebique (Musa Alibiki).

Influences from outside Europe

With the Portuguese discoveries linguistic contact was made, and the Portuguese language became influenced by other languages with which it came into contact outside Europe. In Brazil, many placenames and local animals have Amerindian names, the same occurring with the local Bantu languages in Angola and Mozambique.

Africa

The country name "Angola" is from a Bantu word, N'gola.

Americas

Asia

The country name Macau is from Chinese A-mok, name of the city's temple.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "ASPECTOS DA CONSTITUIÇÃO DO LÉXICO PORTUGUÊS". filologia.org.br.
  2. ↑ BDELC 1967.
  3. ↑ Trumper 2004, p. 4, footnote 13.
  4. 1 2 Behind the name: Vasco
  5. ↑ Behind the name: Xavier
  6. ↑ Omaechevarria 1949.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Matasović 2008.
  8. 1 2 Ward 1996, s.v. BECLOS.
  9. 1 2 Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1013.
  10. ↑ Meyer-Lübke, s.v. 1830.
  11. 1 2 Ballester & Quinn 2002.
  12. ↑ cf. Varela Sieiro (2008, pp. 205–206)
  13. 1 2 Ward 1996, s.v. LĀGENĀ.
  14. ↑ Matasović 2008, s.v. Lîwank.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 Ward 1996, s.v..
  16. 1 2 Matasović 2008, s.v. frikā.
  17. 1 2 Ward 1996, s.v. RIKS.
  18. 1 2 Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 7299.
  19. ↑ Coromines 1997, s.v. serna.
  20. ↑ Matasovic 2008, s.v. *aro-.
  21. 1 2 s.v. 4307
  22. 1 2 Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 9166.
  23. ↑ DCECH 1992, s.v. BROLLAR.
  24. ↑ Rivas Quintas 1991, p. 17.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ward 1996.
  26. ↑ cf. Meyer-Lübke (1911, s.v. 294)
  27. 1 2 s.v. *baccos-
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Mariño Paz 1998.
  29. 1 2 3 Matasović 2008, s.v..
  30. ↑ Ward 1996, s.v. BORWOS.
  31. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1235.
  32. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1252.
  33. ↑ Ward 1996, s.v. KAGOS.
  34. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1480.
  35. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1542.
  36. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1552.
  37. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1550.
  38. 1 2 Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1541.
  39. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1721.
  40. ↑ Coromines 1997, s.v. quejigo.
  41. ↑ Matasović 2008, s.v.*casso-.
  42. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1830.
  43. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1988.
  44. ↑ Donkin 1864, s.v..
  45. ↑ Varela Sieiro 2008, pp. 205-206.
  46. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 2386.
  47. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911.
  48. ↑ Prósper 2002, p. 242.
  49. ↑ Varela Sieiro 2003, pp. 293–294.
  50. ↑ Matasović 2008, s.v. *durno-.
  51. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 2754.
  52. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 448.
  53. ↑ Ward 1996, s.v. GABIT.
  54. ↑ Matasović 2008, s.v. *gab-yo-.
  55. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 3627.
  56. ↑ Ward 1996, s.v. GORIT.
  57. ↑ Matasović 2008, s.v. *gwer-o-.
  58. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 4884.
  59. ↑ Búa 2007, p. 34.
  60. ↑ Coromines 1973, s.v. legua.
  61. ↑ cf. Meyer-Lübke (1911, s.v. 4911)
  62. ↑ CNRTL s.v. lotte
  63. ↑ Ward 1996, s.v. OLCĀ.
  64. ↑ Matasović 2008, s.v. *folkā.
  65. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 6050.
  66. ↑ Ward 1996, s.v. QEZDI.
  67. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 6450.
  68. ↑ Ward 1996, s.v. ROTIS.
  69. ↑ Varela Sieiro 2003, pp. 103–105.
  70. ↑ de Vaan 2008, p. 534.
  71. ↑ Coromines 1997.
  72. ↑ Coromines 1997, s.v. tascar.
  73. ↑ Ward 1996, s.v. TONDOS.
  74. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 8987.
  75. ↑ Ward 1996, s.v. TOGIT.
  76. ↑ da Cunha 2014, p. 773.
  77. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 8570.
  78. ↑ Matasović 2008, s.v. *tarankyo-.
  79. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 8585.
  80. ↑ Coromines 1997, s.v. varga.
  81. ↑ CNRTL s.v. BARGE
  82. ↑ Ward 1996, s.v. WORÊDOS.
  83. ↑ Matasović 2008, s.v. *ufo-rēdos.
  84. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. *betulus, *betullus.
  85. ↑ La Onomástica Sueva
  86. ↑ SciELO – Scientific Electronic Library Online
  87. ↑ DE TURRES VETERAS A TORRES VEDRAS
  88. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (DPLP)
  89. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 CNRTL s.v. braise
  90. ↑ Língua Portuguesa s.v. texugo

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