Close-mid central rounded vowel
| Close-mid central rounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɵ | |||
| ö | |||
| IPA number | 323 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) |
ɵ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0275 | ||
| X-SAMPA |
8 | ||
| Kirshenbaum |
@.<umd> | ||
| Braille |
  | ||
| |||
| Sound | |||
 source · help | |||
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The close-mid central rounded vowel, or high-mid central rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɵ⟩, a lowercase barred letter o, and should not be confused with the Greek letter theta, ⟨θ⟩, which in IPA corresponds to a consonant sound, the voiceless dental fricative. It was added to the IPA in 1993; before that, this vowel was transcribed ⟨ö⟩.
The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".
The character ɵ has been used in several Latin-derived alphabets such as the one for Yañalif, but in that language it denotes a different sound than it does in the IPA. The character is homographic with Cyrillic Ө. The Unicode code point is U+019F Ɵ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH MIDDLE TILDE (HTML Ɵ).
This sound rarely contrasts with the near-close near-front rounded vowel. For this reason, it may be sometimes transcribed with the symbol ⟨ʏ⟩. An example of a language contrasting /ɵ/ with /ʏ/ is the Hamont dialect of Limburgish, but in phonemic transcription, the sounds are normally transcribed with /ʏ/ and /y/, respectively.[1]
The physically possible close-mid central compressed vowel has not been reported to occur in any language,[2] but could be transcribed as a centralized close-mid front rounded vowel [ø̈], which is normally compressed. Other possible transcriptions are ⟨ɘ͡β̞⟩⟩ (simultaneous [ɘ] and labial compression) and [ɘᵝ] ([ɘ] modified with labial compression).
Features
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- Its vowel height is close-mid, also known as high-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel (a high vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | Cantonese | 出/ceot7 | [tsʰɵt˥] | 'to go out' | See Cantonese phonology |
| Dutch | Standard Netherlandic[3] | hut | [ɦɵt] | 'hut' | Also described as near-front [ø̠];[4][5] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʏ⟩ or, more rarely, with ⟨ʉ⟩, ⟨ɵ⟩ or ⟨œ⟩. See Dutch phonology |
| English | Cardiff[6] | foot | [ɦɵt] | 'foot' | More often unrounded [ɘ];[7] corresponds to [ʊ] in other dialects. See English phonology |
| Received Pronunciation[8] | Younger speakers. Others pronounce [ʊ]. See English phonology | ||||
| Hull[9] | goat | [ɡɵːt] | 'goat' | Corresponds to /oʊ/ in other dialects. | |
| New Zealand[10] | bird | [bɵːd] | 'bird' | Somewhat fronted; may be lower ([ø̞̈ː ~ œ̈ː]). | |
| German | Chemnitz dialect[11] | Boden | [ˈpɵːtn̩] | 'floor' | See Chemnitz dialect phonology |
| Hiw[12] | yöykön̄ | [jөjkөŋ] | 'forget' | ||
| Icelandic[13][14][15] | vinur | [ˈveːnөr] | 'friend' | Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʏ⟩. See Icelandic phonology | |
| Irish | Munster[16] | dúnadh | [ˈd̪ˠɰuːn̪ˠɰө̠˔] | 'closing' | Slightly raised and slightly retracted; allophone of /ə/ adjacent to broad consonants, when the vowel in the preceding syllable is either /uː/ or /ʊ/.[16] See Irish phonology |
| Limburgish | Hamont dialect[1] | Rùs | [ʀɵs²] | 'a Russian' | May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʏ⟩.[1][17] See Hamont dialect phonology |
| Maastrichtian[17] | un | [ɵn] | 'onion' | ||
| Mongolian[18] | өгөх | [ɵɡɵx] | 'to give' | ||
| Norwegian | Standard Eastern[19] | søt | [sɵːt̻] | 'sweet' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨øː⟩; also described as close-mid near-front [ø̠ː],[20] mid near-front [ø̽ː][21] and ranging from mid near-front [ø̽ː] to open-mid near-front [œ̠ː].[22] See Norwegian phonology |
| Ripuarian | Kerkrade dialect[23] | sjuts | [ʃɵt͡s] | May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʏ⟩. | |
| Russian[24] | тётя |  [ˈtʲɵtʲə] | 'aunt' | Allophone of /o/ in the environment of palatalized consonants. See Russian phonology | |
| Tajik | кӯҳ | [kʰɵːh] | 'mountain' | Merges with /ɵ/ in central and southern dialects. | |
| Toda | ? | [pɵːr̘] | 'name' | ||
| Uzbek | toʻgʻri | [t̪ɤɵʁˈɾɪ] | 'true' | ||
| West Frisian | Standard[25] | put | [pɵ̜t] | 'well' | Also described as front [ø].[26] Only slightly rounded;[25] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ø⟩ or ⟨ʏ⟩. See West Frisian phonology |
| Southwestern dialects[27] | fuotten | [ˈfɵtn̩] | 'feet' | Corresponds to [wo] in other dialects.[27] See West Frisian phonology | |
| Xumi | Lower[28] | [RPʎ̟ɐtsɵ] | 'to filter tea' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʉ⟩.[28] | |
| Upper[29] | [Htɵ] | 'way to do things' | Allophone of /o/ after alveolar consonants; may be realized as [o] or [ɤ] instead.[29] | ||
The vowel transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɵ⟩ in Central Standard Swedish is actually mid ([ɵ̞]).[30]
See also
References
- 1 2 3 Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
- ↑ Note that Swedish has a slightly higher near-close central compressed vowel, as well as a slightly lower mid central compressed vowel.
- ↑ Rietveld & Van Heuven (2009), p. 69.
- ↑ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
- ↑ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 128.
- ↑ Collins & Mees (1990:92–93)
- ↑ Collins & Mees (1990:92)
- ↑ "Received Pronunciation Phonology". The British Library.
- ↑ Williams & Kerswill (1999), pp. 143 and 146.
- ↑ Bauer et al. (2007), pp. 98–99.
- ↑ Khan & Weise (2013), p. 236.
- ↑ François (2013), p. 207.
- ↑ Árnason (2011), p. 60.
- ↑ Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
- ↑ Haugen (1958), p. 65.
- 1 2 Ó Sé (2000).
- 1 2 Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
- ↑ Iivonen & Harnud (2005), pp. 62, 66–67.
- ↑ Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16–17, 33–35, 37, 343.
- ↑ Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 20.
- ↑ Popperwell (2010), pp. 16, 35.
- ↑ Strandskogen (1979), p. 23.
- ↑ Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997), p. 16.
- ↑ Jones & Ward (1969), pp. 62–63.
- 1 2 Sipma (1913), p. 10.
- ↑ Tiersma (1999), p. 10.
- 1 2 Hoekstra (2003:202), citing Hof (1933:14)
- 1 2 Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 369–370.
- 1 2 Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), p. 389.
- ↑ Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
Bibliography
- Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990), "The Phonetics of Cardiff English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard, English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 87–103, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), ISBN 9004103406
- Cox, F.M. (2006), "The acoustic characteristics of /hVd/ vowels in the speech of some Australian teenagers", Australian Journal of Linguistics, 26: 147–179, doi:10.1080/07268600600885494
- Crosswhite, Katherine Margaret (2000), "Vowel Reduction in Russian: A Unified Account of Standard, Dialectal, and 'Dissimilative' Patterns" (PDF), University of Rochester Working Papers in the Language Sciences, 1 (1): 107–172
- Einarsson, Stefán (1945), Icelandic. Grammar texts glossary., Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, ISBN 978-0801863578
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- François, Alexandre (2013), "Shadows of bygone lives: The histories of spiritual words in northern Vanuatu", in Mailhammer, Robert, Lexical and structural etymology: Beyond word histories, Studies in Language Change, 11, Berlin: DeGruyter Mouton, pp. 185–244
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Gussmann, Edmund (2011). "Getting your head around: the vowel system of Modern Icelandic" (PDF). Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia. 12: 71–90. ISBN 978-83-232-2296-5.
- Haugen, Einar (1958). "The Phonemics of Modern Icelandic". Language. 34 (1): 55–88. doi:10.2307/411276. JSTOR 411276.
- Hoekstra, Jarich (2003), "Frisian. Standardization in progress of a language in decay", Germanic Standardizations. Past to Present (PDF), 18, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 193–209, ISBN 978-90-272-1856-8
- Hof, Jan Jelles (1933), Friesche Dialectgeographie (PDF), The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies, 29: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526
- Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013), "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (2): 231–241, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145
- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
- Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 0-946452-97-0
- Popperwell, Ronald G. (2010) [First published 1963], Pronunciation of Norwegian, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-15742-1
- Rietveld, A.C.M.; Van Heuven, V.J. (2009), Algemene Fonetiek (in Dutch), Uitgeverij Coutinho
- Sipma, Pieter (1913), Phonology & grammar of modern West Frisian, London: Oxford University Press
- Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997) [1987], Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (2nd ed.), Kerkrade: Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer, ISBN 90-70246-34-1
- Strandskogen, Åse-Berit (1979), Norsk fonetikk for utlendinger, Oslo: Gyldendal, ISBN 82-05-10107-8
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- Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
- Williams, Ann; Kerswill, Paul (1999), "Dialect levelling: change and continuity in Milton Keynes, Reading and Hull", in Foulkes, Paul; Docherty, Gerard, Urban voices. Accent studies in the British Isles. (PDF), London: Arnold, pp. 141–162
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