Labiodental approximant
| Labiodental approximant | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʋ | |||
| IPA number | 150 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) |
ʋ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+028B | ||
| X-SAMPA |
P or v\ | ||
| Kirshenbaum |
r<lbd> | ||
| Braille |
  | ||
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| Sound | |||
 source · help | |||
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The labiodental approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is similar to an English w pronounced with the teeth and lips held in the position used to articulate the letter V. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʋ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is P or v\.
The labiodental approximant is the typical realization of /v/ in the Indian South African variety of English. As the voiceless /f/ is also realized as an approximant ([ʋ̥]), it is also an example of a language contrasting voiceless and voiced labiodental approximants.[1]
Features
Features of the labiodental approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- Its place of articulation is labiodental, which means it is articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Armenian | Eastern[2] | ոսկի | [ʋɔski] | 'gold' | |
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | hawa | [ha:ʋa] | 'wind' | Predominant in the Urmia dialects. For some speakers, [v] is used. Corresponds to [w] in the other varieties. | |
| Catalan | Balearic | treballava | [t̪ɾəbəˈl̠ʲæ̞ʋə] | 'worked' | Allophone of /v/.[3] See Catalan phonology |
| Valencian[3] | [t̪ɾe̠bɐ̞ˈl̠ʲæ̞̈ʋɐ̞] | ||||
| Danish | Standard[4] | véd | [ʋe̝ːˀð̠˕ˠ] | 'know(s)' | Also described as a short plosive [b̪̆]; rarely realized as a fricative [v] instead.[5] See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Netherlandic | wang | [ʋɑŋ] | 'cheek' | In southern dialects of the Netherlands realised as bilabial [β̞]. See Dutch phonology |
| English | Indian South African[1] | vine | [ʋaɪn] | 'vine' | Corresponds to a fricative [v] in other accents. |
| Some speakers | red | [ʋe̞d̥] | 'red' | Mostly idiosyncratic but somewhat dialectal[6] (especially in London and South East England). See English phonology and R-labialization | |
| Faroese[7] | røða | [ˈɹøːʋa] | 'speech' | Word-initial and intervocalic allophone of /v/. In the first case, it is in a free variation with a fricative [v].[7] See Faroese phonology | |
| Finnish | vauva | [ˈʋɑuʋːɑ] | 'baby' | See Finnish phonology | |
| German | Standard | was | [ʋas] | 'what' | Some speakers, especially in the South. See German phonology |
| Swiss | Corresponds to /v/ in Standard German[8] | ||||
| Guaraní | avañe'ẽ | [ʔãʋ̃ãɲẽˈʔẽ] | 'Guaraní language' | Contrasts with /w/ and /ɰ/ | |
| Hawaiian | wikiwiki | [ʋikiʋiki] | 'fast' | May also be realized as [w] or [v]. See Hawaiian phonology | |
| Hindi | वरुण | [ʋəruɳ] | 'Varuna' | See Hindustani phonology | |
| Italian | Northern dialects[9] | raro | [ˈʋäːʋo] | 'rare' | Some speakers, especially in Parma. May also be uvular, either a fricative [ʁ] or a trill [ʀ].[9] |
| Marathi | वजन | [ʋə(d)zən] | 'weight' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Miyako[10] | [ʋ̩tɑ] | 'thick' | May be syllabic. | ||
| Norwegian | Standard Eastern[11][12] | venn | [ʋɛ̝nː] | 'friend' | Sometimes realized as a fricative [v].[12][13] See Norwegian phonology |
| Nsenga | ŵanthu | [ʋaⁿtʰu] | 'people' | ||
| Portuguese | Some speakers[14] | louvo | [ˈloːʋu] | 'I praise' | Very rare intervocalic allophone of /v/ in unstressed syllables. See Portuguese phonology |
| Punjabi | ਵਾਲ | [ʋäːl] | 'hair' | ||
| Serbo-Croatian | цврчак / cvrčak | [t͡sʋř̩ːt͡ʃak] | 'cricket' | May also be realized as [v], depending on dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovene[15] | veter | [ˈʋéːtər] | 'wind' | Also described as fricative [v].[16][17] See Slovene phonology | |
| Swedish | vän | [ʋɛn] | 'friend' | Some speakers. See Swedish phonology | |
| Tamil | வாய் | [ʋɑj] | 'mouth' | See Tamil phonology | |
| West Frisian | wêr | [ʋɛːr] | 'where' | ||
See also
References
- 1 2 Mesthrie (2004:960)
- ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009:20)
- 1 2 Saborit Villar (2009:52)
- ↑ Basbøll (2005:62)
- ↑ Basbøll (2005:27 and 66)
- ↑ Foulkes & Docherty (1999:?)
- 1 2 Árnason (2011:115)
- ↑ Schmid, Stephan (2010), Segmental features of Swiss German ethnolects, retrieved 2015-04-27
- 1 2 Canepari (1999), pp. 98–101.
- ↑ Thomas Pellard, Why it is important to study the Ryukyuan languages (presentation)
- ↑ Kristoffersen (2000:22 and 25)
- 1 2 Vanvik (1979:41)
- ↑ Kristoffersen (2000:74)
- ↑ Principais Fenómenos de Variação Registados nas Transcrições das Amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP (Portuguese)
- ↑ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999:136)
- ↑ Priestley (2002:394)
- ↑ Greenberg (2006:18)
Bibliography
- Árnason, Kristján (2011). The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199229317.
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Foulkes, Paul; Docherty, Gerard J., eds. (1999), Urban Voices, Arnold
- Greenberg, Mark L. (2006), A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene, Kansas: University of Kansas
- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
- Mesthrie, Rajend (2004), "Indian South African English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive, A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 953–963, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Priestley, T.M.S. (2002), "Slovene", in Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville. G., The Slavonic Languages, London: Routledge, pp. 388–451, ISBN 0-415-28078-8
- Saborit Villar, Josep (2009), Millorem la pronúncia, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua
- Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–139, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
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