Open-mid front rounded vowel

Open-mid front rounded vowel
œ
IPA number 311
Encoding
Entity (decimal) œ
Unicode (hex) U+0153
X-SAMPA 9
Kirshenbaum W
Braille ⠪ (braille pattern dots-246)
Sound
source · help

The open-mid front rounded vowel, or low-mid front rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Acoustically it is an open-mid front-central rounded vowel.[1] The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨œ⟩. The symbol œ is a lowercase ligature of the letters o and e. Note that ⟨ɶ⟩, a small caps version of the ⟨Œ⟩ ligature, is used for a distinct vowel sound: the open front rounded vowel.

The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".

Open-mid front compressed vowel

The open-mid front compressed vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨œ⟩, and that is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter ⟨β̞⟩ as ⟨ɛ͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous [ɛ] and labial compression) or ⟨ɛᵝ⟩ ([ɛ] modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic ⟨  ͍ ⟩ may also be used with a rounded vowel letter ⟨œ͍⟩ as an ad hoc symbol, though technically 'spread' means unrounded.

Features

IPA vowel chart
Front Near-​front Central Near-​back Back
Close
i • y
ɨ • ʉ
ɯ • u
ɪ • ʏ
ɪ̈ • ʊ̈
ɯ̽ • ʊ
e • ø
ɘ • ɵ
ɤ • o
e̞ • ø̞
ə • ɵ̞
ɤ̞ • o̞
ɛ • œ
ɜ • ɞ
ʌ • ɔ
æ • 
ɐ • ɞ̞
a • ɶ
ä • ɒ̈
ɑ • ɒ
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded
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IPA help • IPA key • chart •  chart with audio • view

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Azeri öküz [œˈcyz] 'ox'
Afrikaans Standard[2] lug [lœχ] 'air' Many speakers merge /œ/ and /ə/ into [ɪ̈], especially in natural speech.[2] See Afrikaans phonology
Armenian Western Armenian Էօժենի [œʒɛˈni] 'Eugenie'
Bavarian Amstetten dialect[3] Seil [sœ̠ː] 'rope' Near-front; may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɶ⟩.[3]
Chinese Cantonese 靴/hoe1 [hœː˥] 'boots' See Cantonese phonology
Wu 碗 [ɰœ˩˧] 'bowl'
Danish Standard[4][5] gøre [ˈɡ̊œ̠ːɐ] 'to do' Near-front.[4] Most often, it is transcribed in IPA with [œ̞ː] or the same as [ɶː]. See Danish phonology
Dutch Southern uit [œːt] 'out' Some dialects, corresponds to [œy] in standard Dutch. See Dutch phonology
The Hague[6] Corresponds to [œy] in standard Dutch.
Limburg hut [hœt] 'hut' Some dialects. Corresponds to [ɵ] in standard Dutch.
English Cockney[7] bird [bœ̠ːd] 'bird' Near-front.[7] May as well be unrounded [ɜ̟ː], or the RP variant /ɜː/.
New Zealand[8] Near-front;[8] may be [ɵ̟ː] or [ø̞̈ː] instead. See English phonology
General
South African[9] 		go [ɡœː] 'go' Some speakers. Can be a diphthong of the type [œʉ]~[œɤ̈] instead. Other South African varieties don't monophthongize.
Faroese løgdu [lœdːʊ] 'laid' (pl.)
French[10] jeune [ʒœn] 'young' See French phonology
German Standard[11] Hölle [ˈhœ̠lə] 'hell' Near-front.[11] See German phonology
Limburgish[12][13][14] väöl [vœ̠ːl] 'much' Near-front.[12][13][14] The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.[15]
Lori shö [ʃœ] 'night'
Luxembourgish[16][17] Interieur [ˈɛ̃ːtəʀiœːʀ] 'interior' Occurs only in loanwords.[16][17] See Luxembourgish phonology
Mongolian Chakhar ᠣᠨᠢᠰᠤ [œnʲs] 'lock' The standard dialect in Inner Mongolia.
North Frisian blömk [blœmk] 'flower'
Occitan Limousin puei [pœj] 'then'
Some Auvergnat varieties Most common in the north.
Western Lombard fioeu [fjœː] 'son' Allophone of /ø/.
West Frisian Hindeloopers[18] See West Frisian phonology
Súdwesthoeksk[18][19] skoalle [ˈskœlə] 'school'

Icelandic ⟨ö⟩ is often transcribed in IPA with ⟨œ⟩, but it is actually central [ɞ].[20][21][22]

Open-mid front protruded vowel

Open-mid front protruded vowel
œ̫
œʷ
ɛʷ

Catford notes that most languages with rounded front and back vowels use distinct types of labialization, protruded back vowels and compressed front vowels. However, a few languages, such as Scandinavian ones, have protruded front vowels. One of these, Swedish, even contrasts the two types of rounding in front vowels (see near-close near-front rounded vowel, with Swedish examples of both types of rounding).

As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨  ̫⟩, will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for protruded front vowels. Another possible transcription is ⟨œʷ⟩ or ⟨ɛʷ⟩ (an open-mid front vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.

Acoustically, this sound is "between" the more typical compressed open-mid front vowel [œ] and the unrounded open-mid front vowel [ɛ].

Features

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Norwegian Standard Eastern[23][24] innrømme [ˈɪ̟n̻ːˌɾœ̫mˑə] 'to admit' Near-front;[23][24] also described as ranging from open-mid near-front [œ̠] to mid near-front [œ̽][25] and mid central unrounded [ə].[26] See Norwegian phonology
Swedish Central Standard[27][28][29] öra  [ˈœ̫̂ːˈrâ̠]  'ear' Allophone of /œ/ and most often also /øː/ before /r/.[27][28][29] May be more open [ɶ, ɶː] for younger speakers from Stockholm.[29] See Swedish phonology
Southwestern dialects köpa [ˈɕœ̫ːˈpa̠] 'to buy' Higher [øː] for other speakers. See Swedish phonology
Younger Stockholm speakers[29]

References

  1. ↑ Geoff Lindsey (2013) The vowel space, Speech Talk
  2. 1 2 Donaldson (1993), p. 5.
  3. 1 2 Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  4. 1 2 Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
  5. ↑ Basbøll (2005:46): "Nina Grønnum uses two different symbols for the vowels in these and similar words: gøre she transcribes with (...) [œ] (narrow transcription), and grøn she transcribes with (...) [ɶ̝] (narrow transcription). Clearly, there is variation within Standard Danish on this point (...)."
  6. ↑ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 136.
  7. 1 2 Wells (1982), p. 305.
  8. 1 2 Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 188.
  9. ↑ Lass (2002), p. 118.
  10. ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  11. 1 2 Mangold (2005), p. 37.
  12. 1 2 Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
  13. 1 2 Peters (2006), p. 119.
  14. 1 2 Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
  15. ↑ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 158.
  16. 1 2 Trouvain & Gilles (2009), p. 75.
  17. 1 2 Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 72.
  18. 1 2 van der Veen (2001), p. 102.
  19. ↑ Hoekstra (2001), p. 83.
  20. ↑ Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
  21. ↑ Haugen (1958), p. 65.
  22. ↑ "Icelandic Phonetic Transcription.PDF - ptg_ice.pdf" (PDF). Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  23. 1 2 Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 20.
  24. 1 2 Popperwell (2010), pp. 35-36.
  25. ↑ Strandskogen (1979), p. 23.
  26. ↑ Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16-17.
  27. 1 2 Eliasson (1986), p. 273.
  28. 1 2 Thorén & Petterson (1992), pp. 13–14.
  29. 1 2 3 4 Riad (2014), p. 38.

Bibliography

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  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), ISBN 9004103406 
  • Donaldson, Bruce C. (1993), "1. Pronunciation", A Grammar of Afrikaans, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1–35, ISBN 9783110134261 
  • Einarsson, Stefán (1945), Icelandic. Grammar texts glossary., Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, ISBN 978-0801863578 
  • Eliasson, Stig (1986), "Sandhi in Peninsular Scandinavian", in Anderson, Henning, Sandhi Phenomena in the Languages of Europe, Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 271–300 
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  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278 
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  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8. 
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