East Rail Line

East Rail Line 東鐵綫
An SP1900 EMU train departing Fo Tan Station
Overview
Type	Heavy rail/Commuter rail
System	MTR
Locale	Districts: Yau Tsim Mong, Sham Shui Po, Kowloon City, Sha Tin, Tai Po, North, Yuen Long
Termini	Hung Hom Lo Wu / Lok Ma Chau
Stations	14
Ridership	1,044,800 daily average (weekdays, September 2014)[1]
Operation
Opened	1910
Technical
Track gauge	1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in)
Electrification	25 kV 50 Hz AC
Route map Legend Shenzhen Metro Line 1 to Airport East Guangshen railway to Guangzhou Shenzhen Metro Line 4 to Qinghu Luohu  1  Shenzhen Futian Checkpoint  4  Mainland China Hong Kong Lok Ma Chau Lo Wu Kwu Tung planned Lo Wu Marshalling Yard Sheung Shui Sha Tau Kok Railway to Sha Tau Kok Fanling Wo Hop Shek 1950–1983 Tai Wo Hong Kong Railway Museum Tai Po Market Tai Po Kau 1910–1983 Tunnels No. 5 and 5A Science Park proposed University Ho Tung Lau Depot Racecourse (racing days only) Fo Tan Goods Yard Fo Tan Sha Tin Ma On Shan Line to Wu Kai Sha Tai Wai      Tai Wai Depot (Ma On Shan Line) Sha Tin to Central Link to Tuen Mun Beacon Hill Tunnel (Tunnel No. 2) Kowloon Tong      Kwun Tong Line to Tiu Keng Leng Mong Kok East Tunnel No. 1A Kwun Tong Line to Whampoa former KCR (1910–1975) Hung Hum 1910–1921 Kowloon 1910–1975 Sha Tin to Central Link to Wu Kai Sha 1 2 1: East Rail Line tracks until 2009 2: Through Train tracks Hung Hom      (Through Train) Stabling sidings (East West Corridor) West Rail Line to Tuen Mun Victoria Harbour Exhibition opening 2021 Tsuen Wan Line to Tsuen Wan Island Line to Chai Wan Admiralty           opening 2021 Island Line to Kennedy Town Tsuen Wan Line to Central

East Rail Line
Traditional Chinese	東鐵綫
Simplified Chinese	东铁线
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin dong1 tie3 xian4 Hakka Romanization Tûng-Thiet-Sien Yue: Cantonese Jyutping dung1 tit3 sin3 Yale Romanization dūng tit sin

The East Rail Line (Chinese: 東鐵綫) is one of ten railway lines of the Mass Transit Railway (MTR) system in Hong Kong. It used to be one of the three lines of the Kowloon–Canton Railway (KCR) network. It was known as the KCR British Section (九廣鐵路英段) from 1910 to 1996,^[2] and the KCR East Rail (九廣東鐵) from 1996 to 2007.

The railway line starts at Hung Hom Station in Kowloon and branches in the north at Sheung Shui to terminate at Lo Wu or Lok Ma Chau stations. Both are boundary crossing points into Shenzhen. The East Rail was the only railway line of the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation (KCRC) before the construction of KCR West Rail (now known as West Rail Line).

The same railway is used for passenger and freight services crossing the boundary to other cities, including Guangzhou, Shanghai and Beijing. These longer distance passenger services (dubbed "Through Trains") start at Hung Hom and end at their termini in the mainland. The line is generally double tracked and electrified, except for certain goods sheds. Immigration and customs facilities are available at Hung Hom (for Through Train passengers) and Lo Wu/Lok Ma Chau (for border interchange passengers) stations.

The railway line was operated by Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation (KCRC) prior to the MTR-KCR merger and has since been taken over by MTR Corporation on 2 December 2007 after the merger was completed.

The line is coloured light blue on the MTR map. The distance between Hung Hom and Lo Wu stations is 34 km (21 mi).^[3] The total distance of the line (including the Lok Ma Chau Spur Line) is approximately 41 km, making it the longest line in total distance within the system network.

History

Background

Proposal

The United Kingdom and China signed an agreement to cooperate on the construction of a railway from Kowloon to Canton (now Guangzhou). The whole project was 87 miles long, with 22 miles in the British Section and 65 miles for the Chinese Section. However, the English could earn 65% of the income while China could only earn 35% of it. Construction started in 1906. The most difficult section was the approx. 7200 feet long Beacon Hill Tunnel, and about a hundred workers died in the construction.

Construction

The construction was mainly done by Chinese. The government built camps in Kowloon to support the construction. Most of the railway were flat land, so construction was relatively easy in those places. However, the construction of the Beacon Hill Tunnel involved digging and blasting, and the rocks made construction difficult. The two ends were of soft soil, but the centre was granite. This caused a huge delay in construction as it was not suitable to use explosives at the two ends while the explosives could not blast off a lot of rock in the centre.

Pre-electrification era

Opening of British section

The railway line to the Chinese border, then called the Kowloon-Canton Railway (British Section), opened for passenger services on 1 October 1910. The remaining section from Lo Wu to Canton (now Guangzhou) was called the "Chinese Section" (now the Guangzhou-Shenzhen Railway). Initially, service was only provided from Yau Ma Tei station to Fanling station with a tunnel through Beacon Hill.

Opening of Chinese sector

After the "Chinese Section" was completed, through train service became available to Canton, through Sham Chun (now Shenzhen). Lo Wu station also serves as a border crossing, with a bridge across the Sham Chun River, the natural border between Hong Kong and Mainland China. Trains had to stop at Lo Wu station after Communist China closed the border and suspended the through train service in 1949.

The line was generally single track, with a passing loop at each station.

Closing of Sha Tau Kok Branch

The line was originally built with narrow gauge tracks, but just before opening standard gauge track was laid and the original tracks were used to build a branch line, the Sha Tau Kok Railway from Fanling to Sha Tau Kok. This branch was unsuccessful and closed on 1 April 1928 following the opening of a road that ran parallel to the tracks.

Post-1930s

Through the years, more stations were added to the line. Sheung Shui station was opened in the 1930s, and Ma Liu Shui (now University) station opened in 1955.

The KCR engines were powered by steam engines before 1950s. There were 20 engines. However, diesel engines were purchased starting from 1950, with the first one with number 51. Steam engines then disappeared from KCR.

Change of terminus

The development of the towns along the line began to grow immensely during the 1970s, prompting a modernisation of the Kowloon-Canton Railway. The original Kowloon station terminus at Tsim Sha Tsui was too small and had no room for expansion, so a new terminus site was chosen in Hung Hom, then known as Kowloon station. The new Kowloon station replaced the old one in 1975. Today, the clock tower is the only structure left from the old terminus, and is a landmark near the Cultural Centre, Space Museum and the Star Ferry pier. Six pillars were relocated to the Urban Council Centenary Garden in Tsim Sha Tsui East. A big bell is stored at Ho Tung Lau. The original Hung Hom station at Chatham Road South was also demolished.

1980s modernisation

In 1975, the KCR asked two consultancies, Transmark and Sofrerail, to make proposals on the modernisation of the line. In 1979, Transmark's proposal to double-track and electrify the entire line for $2.5 billion (in 1979 prices) was accepted by the government.^[4] This work involved building a new tunnel through Beacon Hill as the existing tunnel was not wide enough to accommodate two tracks. New stations were added, including Kowloon Tong Station, which was completed in 1982 to provide an interchange with the new MTR network.^[5] Tai Po Kau station and the original Tai Po Market station were closed, with the latter being redeveloped into the Hong Kong Railway Museum. The development finished in sections between 1982 and 1983, with new electric multiple units, manufactured by Metro Cammell, replacing diesel locomotives.

With the modernisation of the railway and the concurrent urbanisation of the New Territories, ridership rose quickly, from a daily average of 190,000 in 1983 to 491,000 in 1990.^[6] A temporary station in Tai Wai opened in 1983 while the permanent Tai Wai Station was completed in 1986. Fo Tan Station opened in 1985 to serve the expanding industrial estate. Tai Wo Station opened in 1989 to serve Tai Wo Estate.

The 1990s saw more rapid development and changes within the railway. The KCRC signed a contract with French manufacturing giant GEC-Alstom to refurbish the Metro Cammell EMUs at the East Rail depot at Ho Tung Lau. In 1996, the first refurbished train was put into service, and trains now allow passengers to traverse from one end to another (except for the first class carriage), when trains once ran on four three-car EMUs. 348 of the 351 railcars were refurbished except for unit E44 (144-244-444), which is currently stored in Ho Tung Lau depot. Each trainset is still made up of 12 cars (with one first-class car). Prior to the rule proclaimed in 1994 which fixed the number of cars on each trainset to 12, trains were inconsistent in terms of length, ranging from six cars (two EMUs), nine cars (three EMUs) to 12 cars (four EMUs).

In terms of appearance, trains no longer have the monotonous design of having a red stripe running across the middle from the cab to the end; the doors now have a red coating, and the window panes along with the upper part are fashioned with blue paint. The original design of the train front, encapsulating the driver's cab and commonly referred to as the "Yellow-cab", was replaced with a more modern design capped with a silver coating, and a digital display added providing the train's destination.

The design of the EMU was modified as well: four more sets of doors being added to each car, adding up to a total of ten sets of doors, each side with five; the introduction of new passenger information plasma display; and more standing space by rearranging seating patterns from the traditional back-to-back seating to a longitudinal design.

An Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system came into operation on the line in 1998 to ensure a safe distance is maintained between trains. It also allowed an increase in train frequencies from 20 to 24 per hour each way. The control centre was also relocated from Kowloon Station to a new facility in the KCRC operations headquarters building at Fo Tan Railway House.^[7] Also as part of the ATP project, a two kilometre section of the tracks near the Pak Shek Kok reclamation, curving around the former coastline, was straightened out during the mid-1990s. The tracks now run alongside the Tolo Highway.^[8] A vestige of the former alignment, an old bridge beside Cheung Shue Tan village built between 1906 and 1909, was identified by the Antiquities and Monuments Office in 2008 as a historic asset.^[9]

In 2002 an automatic train operation (ATO) system was added, which controls the speed of the train for the driver and ensures that all trains will stop when arriving at every station. Under normal circumstances, most trains are operated in ATO mode except for scenarios such as operation of trains in and out of train depots, driver training, or at times when the ATO system fails to function properly.^[10]

Recent developments

• In 2004, the railway was extended in tunnel to a new southern terminus at East Tsim Sha Tsui Station.
• On 28 December 2004 a branch to the East Rail, the Ma On Shan Rail was added, with an interchange at Tai Wai.
• On 15 August 2007, an extension from Sheung Shui station northwest through a tunnel to Lok Ma Chau Station was opened. This provides a second border crossing between Hong Kong SAR and mainland China.
• On 16 August 2009, Hung Hom became the southern terminus of both East Rail Line and West Rail Line after the completion of the Kowloon Southern Link. East Tsim Sha Tsui was previously the southern terminus on East Rail Line, and is a current intermediate station on West Rail Line.

Tunnels

Tunnels on the East Rail Line have numbers assigned to them. When the railway was first opened, there were five tunnels:^[11]

1. North of today's Mong Kok East Station
2. Beacon Hill Tunnel
3. South of where University Station stands today
4. North of University Station
5. At Tai Po Kau

During the construction of the Cross Harbour Tunnel, which opened in 1972, the section of tracks near Oi Man Estate, Ho Man Tin was covered to construct the section of Princess Margaret Road connecting to the Cross Harbour Tunnel. A new tunnel was therefore created and given the number 1A.

During the modernisation of the line in the early 1980s, Tunnels 1, 3, 4 were removed by demolishing the mounds above them. Tunnel 1A already had double track width when built; a completely new Beacon Hill Tunnel (Tunnel 2) was constructed and took over the original one; and Tunnel 5 was doubled. The new one is known as Tunnel 5A.

Rolling stock

Currently there are two types of commuter trains running on the East Rail Line. In 2003, the 29 sets of the aforementioned Metro Cammell EMU were joined with 8 sets of SP1900 EMU trains, manufactured by the Japan-based Kinki Sharyo Co., Ltd.. Both models share same exterior color scheme, door arrangement (5-pair per car except first class), as well as consisting of 12 carriages per train including a first class section. The interior design between the two models is different, and the transverse seating near the ends of the Metro Cammell carriages has been replaced with longitudinal seating in the Kinki Sharyo models to allow for a wider gangway between compartments. All of the East Rail Line Metro Cammell trains are maintained at MTR Ho Tung Lau Depot in Sha Tin District. Currently 3 of the SP1900 EMU (E201-E203, E209-E211, E213-E215) were already sent to MTR Pat Heung Depot to organize 8-car trains. The remaining 5 sets of SP1900 will be also sent to Pat Heung Depot one by one, all trains are expected to leave East Rail Line at late 2017, making SP1900 trains will have no longer services at East Rail Line (North South Corridor at future).

In December 2012, the MTR decided to phase out all Metro Cammell trains between 2018 and 2020. MTR ordered 37 sets of 9 car MTR R-Stock trains built by Rotem in South Korea. The new trains will have slight modifications compared to the K-Stock operating on the Tung Chung Line. The first Train arrived in Hong Kong in 14 September 2015. Preliminary testing would start and trains would start operations in 2018, in time for the opening of the Hung Hom to Admiralty Section of the Sha Tin to Central Link.^[12]

First class

East Rail Line is the only railway in Hong Kong to offer first class commuter service. One of the 12 cars of each train is furbished as a first class carriage. These compartments have softer and wider seat arrangements; however, standing in the first class car is common during rush hour.

Riding on this carriage costs twice that of a standard-class journey and passengers are required to buy the first class ticket (at the vending machine on East Rail line stations or ticket counters at the other stations) or second check their Octopus cards on the first class reader (located at the station platforms and beside the gangway door of the First class compartment itself) before entering the first-class car. Ticket Inspectors will perform random checks on train, and failing to produce a valid first class ticket or valiated Octopus Card will be liable to a surcharge of HK$500.^[13]

Safety problems

Train accidents

At 15:00 on 18 December 1980, a contractor building Mong Kok (now Mong Kok East) Station accidentally severed signalling cables, disabling the automatic signalling system. At this time, the railway had been only partly doubled-tracked, and still made use of the old single-track Beacon Hill Tunnel. Later in the day, two trains were inadvertently put on a head-on collision course just south of the tunnel. At 18:40, a Lo Wu-bound train carrying about 1,500 passengers reached the point where the double-tracked section of the railway ended ahead of the tunnel, near Yau Yat Chuen. A safety device, a trap point, prevented the collision by forcing the train to derail, causing minor injuries to some passengers. A minute later, a southbound train came to a screeching halt at the accident site. A KCR spokesman blamed "a misunderstanding in a telephone communication".^[14][15]

On 25 November 1984, a train derailed between Sheung Shui and Lo Wu stations. The incident occurred when the driver, meaning to back the train up to Sheung Shui station, failed to follow a speed/stop signal while the train was exceeding the speed limit. The train was being driven from the rear cabin, with the driver relying on signals from the train guard who was in the front carriage. The train sped past a danger signal onto a siding at 30 kph, rather than shunting onto the main line at 10 kph as it was meant to. It crashed into a concrete buffer at the end of the siding, with the first two cars piling on top of each other. The damage was so severe that the cars never returned to service. Passengers had been unloaded prior to the crash while the two KCR employees escaped significant injury. However, the accident caused train services to be suspended for the rest of the day and the incident spurred a series of public outcries concerning railway safety. KCR suspended the driver and changed procedures such that drivers were required to operate the train from the front carriage while shunting at Sheung Shui.^[16][17][18]

In 1988, there were numerous separate incidents of Chinese freight trains derailing on the railway. On 28 May, a locomotive and a goods wagon jumped the tracks near Fo Tan Station, blocking the line. Services were temporarily detoured through Racecourse Station.^[19] On 4 June, a wagon derailed near University Station, again blocking the line. Coupled with a lorry accident in the Lion Rock Tunnel the same day, Kowloon and Sha Tin were thrown into "traffic chaos".^[20] On 2 July, another goods wagon derailed on a siding in Lo Wu after arriving from Shenzhen. As it was being hauled to the Fo Tan workshop at 1:44 am the following day for examination, it derailed again, though damage to the tracks was minor.^[19] Nobody was injured in the above incidents. The problems were attributed to uneven loading of the freight trains, sharply curved trackage "unideal" for the freight wagons, and the structural characteristics of the Chinese trains.^[21] In response, KCRC carried out track improvements and liaised with the Guangzhou Railway Administration. At the time, the KCRC handled 6.25 million freight wagons per year, so the derailments were relatively isolated occurrences.^[21]

In the early morning of 31 May 1989, diesel locomotive L57 collided head-on with locomotive L56 at Mongkok (now Mong Kok East) Station, causing injuries to four KCR staff. Three employees in L57 were taking the locomotive from Kowloon (now Hung Hom) station to Fo Tan for repairs. The locomotive ran a red signal and struck the stationary L56 while traveling at about 50 kph. Chan Yau-keung, a KCR Corporation construction supervisor, was critically injured and died on 8 June at Kwong Wah Hospital.^[22] He had been standing between the driver Ko Yuk-ching and co-driver Lee Kam-ming, both of whom were seated. Ko was a qualified driver while Lee, an assistant operator, was operating under Ko's supervision.^[23] Lee was driving at the time of the accident, but was seated in the left of the cabin and could not see the signals, which were on the right and were obscured by the long hood of the vehicle.^[22] According to procedures, Lee had to rely on Ko to relay him the status of the signals.^[22] Ko, speaking at an inquest following the accident, stated that he had felt dizzy and could not recall what colours the signals displayed.^[23] The advance warning system (AWS) of locomotive L57, which would have automatically halted the train, was switched off.^[22] KCR officers in the control centre saw the impending collision but could not warn the crew as the L57 radio was switched off.^[23]

Underframe cracking

On 21 December 2005, an Metro Cammell EMU failed while in operation. Following examination of the train, KCRC staff detected minor cracks in the welding of mounting brackets for some underframe components. A review panel commissioned by KCRC looked into the problem from four aspects:^[24]

• the rate of change of the acceleration and deceleration of trains
• the welding of components' mounting brackets
• the profile of the track and train wheels
• suspension system

Since the full introduction of automatic train operation (ATO) on the East Rail system in 2003, the rate of change of acceleration and deceleration resulting from ATO driving added stress to the underframe components. To allow a root cause investigation to be carried out, the use of the ATO system was suspended on 15 January 2006, leaving the operation of trains back in the hands of the train drivers, the safety of train operation under the control of the Automatic Train Protection system.^[10] This resulted in a decreased frequency (from 24 to 23 trains per hour) and lengthened trip time (increase by 90 seconds to 42.5 minutes).^[24] KCRC also temporarily transferred some staff from West Rail to cope with recent maintenance of trains.

The Environment, Transport and Works Bureau reprimanded the KCRC for not immediately notifying the Government when it found problems with its East Rail trains in 2005. Secretary for the Bureau Dr. Sarah Liao said she had ordered the KCRC to inspect all its trains, and did not rule out suspending services if there were safety doubts. Dr. Liao ordered the chairman to review the corporation's operations, including its management and overall system, and submit a report. KCRC chairman Michael Tien accepted responsibility for the corporation's poor judgement in not sharing the information with the public in a timely matter.

On 21 January 2006, Michael Tien stated that the safety problems of East Rail had been controlled, and the train service was expected to operate as usual, including train service in the Chinese New Year. KCRC East Rail trains reverted to the ATO operation on 6 August 2006, after the investigation confirmed that the ATO system was not a direct cause of the cracking.^[10]

Platform gaps

The wide platform gap at several stations (namely Lo Wu, Tai Wo, University, Kowloon Tong, and Mong Kok East) is a safety concern. The KCRC has visually marked the "Gap Black Spots" on the platforms of those stations and stated that plates will be installed in the gap between the train and station. The platform gap is mainly caused by the curvature of the station and how the train enters the station area. A mechanical gap filler system, which extends the platform edge when a train is stopped at the station, was trialed at Lo Wu station.^[25]

After two incidents of children falling onto the tracks at University Station in 1985, the issue was discussed in the Legislative Council. The Secretary for Transport asserted that the gaps were within "international safety limits", and that the gap could not be narrowed due to the curvature of the station as well as the "rather wider bodies" of the Chinese through trains which run through the station daily.^[26] A man who fractured his leg boarding a train at University Station in 2008 asserted that he fell into a gap of about 35 cm, while the MTR claimed it was only 22 cm at the relevant section of platform.^[27]

The new ordered MTR R-Stock have wider compartment than the existing East Rail Line trains, and therefore narrowing down the gap. But the new train set won't be put into service until 2018, after the installation of new signalling system. Also, because of the new 9-car formation of R-Stock, trains will be stopped at less curved section of the platform. MTR suggests that the width of the gap will be similar to the urban lines.^[28] Automatic platform gates are being installed on East Rail Line platforms as part of the Sha Tin to Central Link project. These will block passengers' view of the wide platform gaps. To reduce this safety risk, the MTR is installing 140 mechanical gap fillers at Mong Kok East, University, and Lo Wu stations.^[29]

Stations

This is a list of the stations on the East Rail Line.

Livery and name		District	Connections	Opening date
East Rail Line
	Hung Hom formerly Kowloon	Yau Tsim Mong / Kowloon City	West Rail Line Through Train services to Mainland China	30 November 1975
	Mong Kok East formerly Yaumati; Mong Kok		[lower-alpha 1]	1 October 1910 relocated 1968
	Kowloon Tong	Sham Shui Po / Kowloon City	Kwun Tong Line	4 May 1982
	Tai Wai	Sha Tin	Ma On Shan Line	15 August 1983 relocated 1986
	Sha Tin			1 October 1910
	Fo Tan[lower-alpha 2]			15 February 1985
	Racecourse[lower-alpha 2]			1 October 1983
	University formerly Ma Liu Shui			24 September 1956
	Tai Po Market	Tai Po		7 April 1983
	Tai Wo			9 May 1989
	Fanling	North		1 October 1910
	Sheung Shui			16 May 1930
	Lo Wu		Luohu for      Line 1 of the Shenzhen Metro Shenzhen Railway Station (through border check)	14 October 1949
	Lok Ma Chau[lower-alpha 3]	Yuen Long	Futian Checkpoint for      Line 4 of the Shenzhen Metro (through border check)	15 August 2007

Notes

Lo Wu and Lok Ma Chau are within the Frontier Closed Area and cannot be entered by anyone without a permit or a passport and visa to Mainland China. In May 2008, MTR announced plans to renew many stations, some of which have been in service for over half a century. Refurbishment is not expected to be fully completed until 2016 at the earliest.^[30]

There are long distances between University and Tai Po Market stations, between Tai Wo and Fanling stations, and between Sheung Shui and Lok Ma Chau stations; and there are no intermediate stations within these sections. These sections of track are nearby the Science Park, Tai Po Kau, Hong Lok Yuen, Kau Lung Hang village, and Kwu Tung village. However, intermediate stations within some sections of the track are under planning.

Train service

Trains run at around 4-minute intervals Mondays to Fridays from 05:00 to 01:00 the next day. However, Lo Wu and Lok Ma Chau stations close at approximately 00:30 the next day and 23:00 respectively, which means that trains stop service at Sheung Shui after both border checkpoints are closed. During peak hours, trains are more frequent, running every 2–3 minutes.

Special train departures

Some train trips may not be scheduled to depart in the usual way. For example, trains may pass through Racecourse station, stop service at intermediate stations and/or enter the Ho Tung Lau Depot. These special services usually take place during morning peak hours on weekdays and Saturdays.

Examples of special train services:

• Northbound trains may terminate at Fo Tan or Tai Po Market station, which usually takes place during morning peak hours.
• Northbound trains may terminate at Sha Tin station in order to enter the Ho Tung Lau Depot.
• Northbound trains will terminate at Sheung Shui station after Lo Wu/Lok Ma Chau border crossings close.
• Trains may pass through Racecourse station, during racing days.
• Trains passing through Racecourse station may stop service at the following stations: Lo Wu, Lok Ma Chau, Tai Po Market, Racecourse
• Southbound trains may terminate at Mong Kok East station.

Future development

The East Rail Line is being extended southward as part of the Sha Tin to Central Link, now under construction. Hung Hom Station, the present terminus, is being reconstructed on an adjacent site. South of the station a new immersed tube will be built to span Victoria Harbour, allowing trains to call on a new Exhibition Station before terminating at Admiralty Station, where passengers can transfer to the Island Line, Tsuen Wan Line, or South Island Line. This extension is scheduled for completion in 2021.

The proposed Northern Link will connect Kam Sheung Road Station to Lok Ma Chau Station.

References

Bibliography

• Yeung, Rikkie (2008). Moving Millions: The Commercial Success and Political Controversies of Hong Kong's Railways. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to East Rail Line.

• Official MTR website