MAPK phosphatase

MAPK phosphatases are the largest class of phosphatases involved in MAP kinase signaling.[1][2]

The figure shows the interaction and cooperation of MEK, DUSP5 and DUSP6/MKP-3 within the cytoplasmic region and the nuclues. RAF activates MEK. Activated MEK phoshorylates ERK which can now be transported across the cell membrane by a transporter. Dephosphorylated ERK cannot leave the nucleus.

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) [3] are involved in multiple pathways in order to regulate the bodies homeostatic nature.[4] This can involve gene regulation, cell proliferation, programmed cell death and stress responses.,[5]

MAPK phosphatases (MKPs) are only found in eukaryotes [6] and act on MAPK in a negative feedback loop. MKPs are also known as dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs)[7] because they deactivate MAPK by dephosphorylating the Threonine and the Thyrosine residues residing in MAPKs activation site.[8] MKPs have a C-terminal catalytic region and a regulatory N-terminal region.[9] The position where the MAPK binds to MKP is found near the N-terminus of MKP. The binding is due to the electrostatic interactions of the positively charged residues on the MKP binding portion with the negatively charged residues on the MAPK binding site.[10]

There are 10[11] main MKPs that can be further broken down into three sub-classes which are representative of either their genomic structure or the type of substrate (MAPK) they bind to.[12] These include DUSP1, DUSP2, DUSP4 and DUSP5 that belong to subgroup 1. DUSP6, DUSP7, DUSP9 and DUSP10 belong to subgroup 2. DUSP8 and DUSP16 belong to subgroup 3, these subgroups are based on the genomic structure of the MKPs.[13] The newest MKP-8 brings the total MKPs to 11, MKP-8 plays a role in inhibiting p38 kinase.[14]

Types

Dual specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) also belong to the family of protein thyrosine phosphatases.[15] MKPs are grouped into type I, II and III; in which type I MKPs are located in the nuclear region, type II are located in the cytoplasmic region and type III are located in both the nuclear and cytoplasmic region.[16] The different locations of these three types of MKPs allow for them to cause different types of signaling. For example, MKP-1 (a type I MKP) controls gene expression by inactivating the subcelular group of MAPKs.[17] Note that without the LXXLL motif (GFP-MKP-147-367) the MKP-1 cannot localize inside the nucleus and it comes before the CH2A domain.[18] The newest MKP, MKP-8, belongs to group I because it is located in the nuclear region of the cell[19]

Although the N-terminal region is the quite distinct between each MKP, they all normally contain CH2 domains.[20] In MKP-1, MAPK binds to the active site that is between the CH2A and CHB domains located in the N-terminal.[21][22]

An example of a type II MKP is MKP-3 which, regulates the activity of ERK2 by deposphorylating it and holding it in the cytoplasmic region.[23] MKP-3 also binds to ERK2 regardless of whether it is phosphorylated or not.[24] MKP-4 is another MKP that belongs to Type I and, is distinct from other MKPs in this subgoup because it is only found in placenta, kidney and embryonic liver cells.[25] MKP-5 is a type III MKP that binds specifically to p38 and SPK/JNK and is found both in the cytoplasmic and nuclear regions of a cell.[26] MKP-5 is only located in the heart, lung, liver, kidney and skeletal muscle cells.[27] There are also MKPs that belong to a group called Atypical MKPs. For example, Vaccina H1-related (VHR is an atypical MKP because it only has the DUSP region.[28] VHR is only found in lymphoid and hematopoietic cells, and it inactivates the ERK1/2 and JNKs in T-cell receptors.[29] VHR also induces cell cycle arrest.[30][31]

When activated MAPK binds to MKB this causes a conformational change of the DUSP region which activates MKP and activated MKP dephosphorylates MAPK thereby inactivating it.

References

  1. ↑ MAPK Phosphatases at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
  2. ↑ Dickinson, Robin J.; Keyse, Stephen M. (15 November 2006). "Diverse physiological functions for dual-specificity MAP kinase phosphatases". J Cell Sci. pp. 4607–4615. doi:10.1242/jcs.03266.
  3. ↑ Caunt, Christopher J.; Keyse, Stephen M. (January 2013). "Dual-specificity MAP kinase phosphatases (MKPs)". FEBS Journal. pp. 489–504. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08716.x.
  4. ↑ Low, Heng Boon; Zhang, Yongliang (2016). "Regulatory Roles of MAPK Phosphatases in Cancer". Immune Network. 16 (2): 85. doi:10.4110/in.2016.16.2.85.
  5. ↑ Chang, Lufen; Karin, Michael (1 March 2001). Nature. pp. 37–40. doi:10.1038/35065000. Missing or empty |title= (help);
  6. ↑ Chang, Lufen; Karin, Michael (1 March 2001). Nature. pp. 37–40. doi:10.1038/35065000. Missing or empty |title= (help);
  7. ↑ Comalada, Mònica; Lloberas, Jorge; Celada, Antonio (1 August 2012). "MKP-1: A critical phosphatase in the biology of macrophages controlling the switch between proliferation and activation". European Journal of Immunology. pp. 1938–1948. doi:10.1002/eji.201242441.
  8. ↑ Kondoh, Kunio; Nishida, Eisuke (1 August 2007). "Regulation of MAP kinases by MAP kinase phosphatases". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research. pp. 1227–1237. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.12.002.
  9. ↑ Dickinson, Robin J.; Keyse, Stephen M. (15 November 2006). "Diverse physiological functions for dual-specificity MAP kinase phosphatases". J Cell Sci. pp. 4607–4615. doi:10.1242/jcs.03266.
  10. ↑ Theodosiou, Aspasia; Ashworth, Alan (1 January 2002). "MAP kinase phosphatases". Genome Biology. 3 (7): reviews3009.1–reviews3009.10. ISSN 1465-6906.
  11. ↑ Caunt, Christopher J; Keyse, Stephen M (7 November 2016). "Dual-specificity MAP kinase phosphatases (MKPs)". The Febs Journal. 280 (2): 489–504. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08716.x. ISSN 1742-464X.
  12. ↑ Theodosiou, Aspasia; Ashworth, Alan (1 January 2002). "MAP kinase phosphatases". Genome Biology. pp. reviews3009.1–reviews3009.10.
  13. ↑ Theodosiou, Aspasia; Ashworth, Alan (1 January 2002). "MAP kinase phosphatases". Genome Biology. pp. reviews3009.1–reviews3009.10.
  14. ↑ Vasudevan, Sanjeev A.; Skoko, John; Wang, Kuan; Burlingame, Susan M.; Patel, Parul N.; Lazo, John S.; Nuchtern, Jed G.; Yang, Jianhua (6 May 2005). "MKP-8, a novel MAPK phosphatase that inhibits p38 kinase". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 330 (2): 511–518. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.03.028.
  15. ↑ Jeffrey, Kate L.; Camps, Montserrat; Rommel, Christian; Mackay, Charles R. (May 2007). "Targeting dual-specificity phosphatases: manipulating MAP kinase signalling and immune responses". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 6 (5): 391–403. doi:10.1038/nrd2289.
  16. ↑ Kondoh, Kunio; Nishida, Eisuke (1 August 2007). "Regulation of MAP kinases by MAP kinase phosphatases". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research. 1773 (8): 1227–1237. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.12.002.
  17. ↑ Wu, J. J.; Zhang, L.; Bennett, A. M. (16 May 2005). "The Noncatalytic Amino Terminus of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase 1 Directs Nuclear Targeting and Serum Response Element Transcriptional Regulation". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 25 (11): 4792–4803. doi:10.1128/MCB.25.11.4792-4803.2005.-
  18. ↑ Wu, J. J.; Zhang, L.; Bennett, A. M. (16 May 2005). "The Noncatalytic Amino Terminus of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase 1 Directs Nuclear Targeting and Serum Response Element Transcriptional Regulation". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 25 (11): 4792–4803. doi:10.1128/MCB.25.11.4792-4803.2005.
  19. ↑ Vasudevan, Sanjeev A.; Skoko, John; Wang, Kuan; Burlingame, Susan M.; Patel, Parul N.; Lazo, John S.; Nuchtern, Jed G.; Yang, Jianhua (6 May 2005). "MKP-8, a novel MAPK phosphatase that inhibits p38 kinase". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 330 (2): 511–518. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.03.028.
  20. ↑ . doi:10.1128/MCB.25.11.4792-4803.2005. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  21. ↑ Wu, J. J.; Zhang, L.; Bennett, A. M. (16 May 2005). "The Noncatalytic Amino Terminus of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase 1 Directs Nuclear Targeting and Serum Response Element Transcriptional Regulation". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 25 (11): 4792–4803. doi:10.1128/MCB.25.11.4792-4803.2005.
  22. ↑ BARDWELL, A. Jane; ABDOLLAHI, Mahsa; BARDWELL, Lee (15 March 2003). "Docking sites on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinases, MAPK phosphatases and the Elk-1 transcription factor compete for MAPK binding and are crucial for enzymic activity". Biochemical Journal. 370 (3): 1077–1085. doi:10.1042/BJ20021806.
  23. ↑ Karlsson, Maria; Mathers, Joanne; Dickinson, Robin J.; Mandl, Margret; Keyse, Stephen M. (1 October 2004). "Both Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Shuttling of the Dual Specificity Phosphatase MKP-3 and Its Ability to Anchor MAP Kinase in the Cytoplasm Are Mediated by a Conserved Nuclear Export Signal". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (40): 41882–41891. doi:10.1074/jbc.M406720200. ISSN 0021-9258.
  24. ↑ Camps, M. (22 May 1998). "Catalytic Activation of the Phosphatase MKP-3 by ERK2 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase". Science. 280 (5367): 1262–1265. doi:10.1126/science.280.5367.1262.
  25. ↑ Muda, M.; Boschert, U.; Smith, A.; Antonsson, B.; Gillieron, C.; Chabert, C.; Camps, M.; Martinou, I.; Ashworth, A.; Arkinstall, S. (21 February 1997). "Molecular Cloning and Functional Characterization of a Novel Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase, MKP-4". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (8): 5141–5151. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.8.5141.
  26. ↑ Tanoue, T. (9 July 1999). "Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a Novel Dual Specificity Phosphatase, MKP-5". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (28): 19949–19956. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.28.19949.
  27. ↑ Kondoh, Kunio; Nishida, Eisuke (1 August 2007). "Regulation of MAP kinases by MAP kinase phosphatases". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research. 1773 (8): 1227–1237. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.12.002.
  28. ↑ Kondoh, Kunio; Nishida, Eisuke (1 August 2007). "Regulation of MAP kinases by MAP kinase phosphatases". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research. 1773 (8): 1227–1237. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.12.002.
  29. ↑ Alonso, A.; Saxena, M.; Williams, S.; Mustelin, T. (20 November 2000). "Inhibitory Role for Dual Specificity Phosphatase VHR in T Cell Antigen Receptor and CD28-induced Erk and Jnk Activation". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (7): 4766–4771. doi:10.1074/jbc.M006497200.
  30. ↑ Rahmouni, Souad; Cerignoli, Fabio; Alonso, Andres; Tsutji, Toshiya; Henkens, Rachel; Zhu, Changjun; Louis-dit-Sully, Christine; Moutschen, Michel; Jiang, Wei; Mustelin, Tomas (9 April 2006). "Loss of the VHR dual-specific phosphatase causescell-cycle arrest and senescence". Nature Cell Biology. 8 (5): 524–531. doi:10.1038/ncb1398.
  31. ↑ Rahmouni, Souad; Cerignoli, Fabio; Alonso, Andres; Tsutji, Toshiya; Henkens, Rachel; Zhu, Changjun; Louis-dit-Sully, Christine; Moutschen, Michel; Jiang, Wei; Mustelin, Tomas (1 May 2006). "Loss of the VHR dual-specific phosphatase causes cell-cycle arrest and senescence". Nature Cell Biology. 8 (5): 524–531. doi:10.1038/ncb1398. ISSN 1465-7392.
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