Cefquinome

Cefquinome
Clinical data
ATCvet code QG51AA07 (WHO) QJ01DE90 (WHO) QJ51DE90 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status
  • US: Rx-only, Unscheduled
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 87%
Protein binding <5%
Biological half-life 2½ hours
Excretion Renal, unchanged
Identifiers
CAS Number 84957-30-2 YesY
ChemSpider 16736863 YesY
UNII Z74S078CWP YesY
KEGG D07652 YesY
ChEMBL CHEMBL2103931
ECHA InfoCard 100.217.154
Chemical and physical data
Formula C23H24N6O5S2
Molar mass 528.60 g/mol
3D model (Jmol) Interactive image
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Cefquinome is a fourth-generation cephalosporin with pharmacological and antibacterial properties valuable in the treatment of coliform mastitis and other infections. It is only used in veterinary applications.

Properties

Cefquinome is resistant to beta-lactamase. Chemically, its zwitterionic structure can facilitate rapid penetration across biological membranes, including porins of bacterial cell walls. Plus, it has a higher affinity to target penicillin-binding proteins. The reactive site is a beta-lactam nucleus, while the main peripheral functional groups are a quaternary quinolinium, an aminothiazolyl moiety and an unusual O-alkylated oxime.

Cefquinome acts by inhibition of the cell wall synthesis, but it has a relatively short half-life of about 2.5 hours. It is less than 5% protein bound and is excreted unchanged in the urine.[1]

Studies

Many studies have been conducted, mostly for animal use. One such study was conducted by the Pharma Research in Germany.

Test groups

Groups of albino mice, weighing 191 g, were dosed with 10 and 40 mg of cefquinome per kg. Blood samples were obtained from a cut at the tip of the tail and kept at 4°C. Urine was collected in metabolism cages.

Three male beagle dogs, weighing about 22 kg each, were dosed with 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg at the cephalic vein. Blood samples were drawn from the same vein in the opposite leg. Meanwhile, urine was collected by catheterization.

Pigs, five or six male and female in each group weighing about 18 kg each, were injected with 10 mg of cefquinome at the venajuglaris in the base of the left ear. Blood samples were withdrawn from the contralateral jugular vein.

Male and female calves weighing between 110 and 140 kg were dosed with 10 mg of cefquinome per kg through the vera jucular.

Standard solutions were prepared from pooled murine blood and urine taken from untreated dogs, pigs, and calves.

Calculations

Cefquinome concentrations were calculated by regression analysis, using the standard curves in which logarithms of the concentration were proportional to the areas of the inhibition zones. Curve fitting was carried out by nonlinear regression with the computer program PHAKOK. Pharmokinetic analysis of the concentration-time data after administration indicated that the best curve fits were usually achieved by using an open two-compartment model.

Conclusion

Data indicate that cefquinome has high antibacterial activity in vitro against nearly all strains tested. In general, cefquinome is within the same range as cefpirome and cefotaxime. Against Gram-negative species, cefquinome has very limited in vitro activity. The in vitro activity of cefquinome does not depend on the composition or pH of the test medium. The broad antibacterial spectrum and the high in vitro activity are reflected by high in vivo efficacy in experimental infections. In mouse models of septicemia, cefquinome possessed high therapetic efficacy. All infections were cured.

Intervet

Intervet developed cefquinome (Cobactan) to treat bovine respiratory disease, the most common disease in cattle.[2] An injection, containing 25 mg cefquinome per ml, is given to cattle and pigs.

Treatment

In cattle, the injection should help against respiratory disease caused by Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida. It also helps with acute E. coli mastitis, dermatitis, infectious ulbar necrosis, and interdigital necrobacillosis. In calves, it is effective against E. coli septicaemia.

For pigs, it is used to treat bacterial infections of the lungs and respiratory tract caused by P. multocida, Haemophilus parasuis, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, and Streptococcus suis. Mastitis-metritis-agalactia syndrome involved with E. coli, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and other cefquinome-sensitive organisms are also treated. In piglets, the mortality rate in cases of meningitis caused by Streptococcus sues is reduced. It is used in the treatment of mild or moderate lesions caused by Staphylococcus hyicus and arthritis caused by Streptococcus spp. and E. coli.

Caution/warnings

These are some factors to be aware of before treating:

Clinical usage

Human use

Cefquinome is not approved for human use.

Veterinary medicine

Conditions of use are limited to therapeutic, parenteral, and individual animal use. Individual parenteral therapy of bovine respiratory disease data on cefquinome-related residues demonstrate only very small amounts are present in the intestinal tract of treated cattle with gastrointestinal activation. However, treatment should be short, meaning a single injection daily for about a week. Treatment should only be given by prescription. Cefquinome should not be used in feed or water.

Since 1994, in Europe, it was allowed to treat cattle by prescription only. In 1999, swine were included. By 2005, horses were allowed as well. In the United States, approval is pending for treatment of bovine respiratory disease. Even so, this is only available by prescription.

Cefquinome is also used for other illnesses, such as “shipping fever”, a pneumonia-like illness commonly found in cattle.[3]

Concerns

Resistance and food-borne transmission

Of concern, the use of the drug in animals may lead to increases in antibiotic resistance. Humans can be exposed to bacteria through food-borne transmission, raising chances of becoming exposed to resistant bacterial species, such as Salmonella or E. coli. The potential for the development of antibiotic resistance increases as usage increases, by selecting bacteria which have acquired beta-lactamases.

Salmonella

The use may cause resistance in Salmonella present in the intestinal tract of the target animal. Resistant Salmonella may also contaminate the carcass at slaughter and transfer to humans when used as food. When humans are infected and treated with a fourth-generation cephalosporin, effectiveness may be compromised.

Although fourth-generation cephalosporin resistance is very rare, they are active against bacteria carrying the AmpC-type β-lactamase resistance mechanism. Since the late 1990s, the US and EU have surveyed and gathered data for fourth-generation cephalosporins for both human and veterinary use. Data indicate no changes occur in resistance patterns of relevant food-borne pathogens.

FDA guidelines

Synthesis

Broad-spectrum fourth generation injectable aminothiazolyl cephalosporin.

Cefquinome synthesis:[4][5]

Cefotaxime (1) is a potent cephalosporin antibiotic in its own right. Further modification of this drug by inclusion of a quaternary ammonium cation gives a compound suitable for parenteral administration by increasing water solubility. The acid in cefotaxime is first protected as its silyl ester (2) by derivatization with N-Methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA). Treatment of this intermediate with trimethylsilyl iodide gives the allylic iodide (3). Displacement of halogen with 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroquinoline[6] (2,3-Cyclohexenopyridine) gives the corresponding quaternary salt. Hydrolysis of the silyl ester followed by adjustments of the pH leads to the betaine cefquinome (4).

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Intervet, "Cephaguard Injection Data Sheet," http://www.intervet.co.uk/Products_Public/Cephaguard_Injection/090_Product_Datasheet.asp
  2. ↑ Rick Weiss, "FDA Rules Override Warnings About Drug", The Washington Post, March 4, 2007, sec. A01
  3. ↑ Associated Press, "Farmers, doctors battle over new drug for dairy cows," April 5, 2007, State and Regional
  4. ↑ Prepn: BE 893163; R. Lattrell et al., U.S. Patent 5,071,979 (1982, 1991 both to Hoechst).
  5. ↑ Brown, Raymond F.; Kinnick, Michael D.; Morin, John M.; Vasileff, Robert T.; Counter, Fred T.; Davidson, Edward O.; Ensminger, Paul W.; Eudaly, Judith A.; Kasher, Jeffrey S.; et al. (1990). "Synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of parenteral 3'-quaternary ammonium cephalosporins". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 33 (8): 2114–21. doi:10.1021/jm00170a011. PMID 2115587.
  6. ↑ Kusumi, Takenori; Yoneda, Kimio; Kakisawa, Hiroshi (1979). "A Convenient Synthesis of 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroquinoline". Synthesis. 1979 (3): 221. doi:10.1055/s-1979-28630.

References

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