Dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral flaps
| Alveolar lateral flap | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɺ | |||
| lɾ | |||
| IPA number | 181 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) |
ɺ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+027A | ||
| X-SAMPA |
l\ | ||
| Kirshenbaum |
*<lat> | ||
| Braille |
  | ||
| |||
| Sound | |||
 source · help | |||
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The alveolar lateral flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɺ⟩, a fusion of a rotated lowercase letter ⟨r⟩ with a letter ⟨l⟩.
Some languages that are described as having a lateral flap, such as Japanese, actually have a flap that is indeterminate with respect to centrality, and may surface as either central or lateral, either in free variation or allophonically depending on surrounding vowels and consonants.
Features
Features of the alveolar lateral flap:
- Its manner of articulation is flap, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (usually the tongue) is thrown against another.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Dental
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chaga[1] | Laminal dental.[1] | ||||
Alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Japanese[2] | 心/kokoro |  [kokoɺo] | 'heart' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Pirahã | toogixi | [tòːɺ͡ɺ̼ìʔì] | 'hoe' | Only used in some types of speech | |
| Wayuu | püülükü | [pɯːɺɯkɯ] | 'pig' | Contrasts with /r/ | |
The variable Japanese sound has been transcribed with an l–ɾ ligature, lɾ.[3]
Postalveolar
See also: Retroflex lateral flap
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norwegian | Trøndersk[4] | glas | [ˈɡɺ̠ɑːs] | 'glass' | Realization of the tjukk l according to Grønnum (2005). See Norwegian phonology |
| O'odham[1] | Apical.[1] | ||||
See also
References
- 1 2 3 4 Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 213.
- ↑ Okada (1991), p. ?.
- ↑ Rei Fukui (2004) TIPA Manual version 1.3
- ↑ Grønnum (2005), p. 155.
Bibliography
- Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21 (2): 94–97, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X
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