Close central unrounded vowel
| Close central unrounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɨ | |||
| ï | |||
| ɯ̈ | |||
| IPA number | 317 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) |
ɨ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0268 | ||
| X-SAMPA |
1 | ||
| Kirshenbaum |
i" | ||
| Braille |
  | ||
| |||
| Sound | |||
 source · help | |||
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The close central unrounded vowel, or high central unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɨ, namely the lower-case letter i with a horizontal bar. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as barred i. In American tradition this symbol (and the name "barred i") denote a slightly different sound, that of the second syllable of roses when distinct from Rosa's;[1] see also near-close central unrounded vowel.
Occasionally, this vowel is transcribed ⟨ï⟩ (centralized ⟨i⟩) or ⟨ɯ̈⟩ (centralized ⟨ɯ⟩).[2]
The close central unrounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the rare post-palatal approximant [j̈].[3]
Features
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- Its vowel height is close, also known as high, which means the tongue is positioned as close as possible to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
/ɨ/ is uncommon as a phoneme in Indo-European languages, occurring most commonly as an allophone in some Slavic languages. However, it is very common as a separate phoneme in the indigenous languages of the Americas and is often in phonemic contrast with other close vowels such as /i/ and /u/ both in modern living languages as well as reconstructed proto-languages (such as Proto-Uto-Aztecan). Campbell, Kaufman & Smith-Stark (1986) identify the presence of this vowel phoneme as an areal feature of a Mesoamerican Sprachbund (although that is not a defining feature of the entire area).
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acehnese | tupeue | [tupɨə] | 'to know' | Asyik[4] and Al-Ahmadi Al-Harbi[5] describe this sound as such while Durie[6] describes it as closer to [ɯ] | |
| Angor | hüfᵻ | [xɨβə] | 'hot' | ||
| Czech | Some dialects | byl | [bɨɫ] | 'he was' | Found in some eastern Moravian, Lach and Silesian dialects. See Czech phonology |
| Chinese | Mandarin | 日 rì |  [ɻɨ̹˥˩] | 'day' | See Mandarin phonology |
| English | Southeastern English[7] | rude | [ɹɨːd] | 'rude' | May be rounded [ʉː], or a diphthong [ʊʉ̯~əʉ̯] instead. |
| Guaraní | yvy | [ɨʋɨ] | 'earth' | ||
| Hausa[8] | Allophone of /i/.[8] | ||||
| Irish | Munster[9] | caora | [kɨ̟ːɾˠə] | 'sheep' | Somewhat fronted;[9] allophone of /i/ between broad consonants.[9] See Irish phonology |
| Kaingang | fy | [ɸɨ] | 'seed' | ||
| Kashinawa | |||||
| Kashmiri[10] | teer | [ˈt̪ɨːr] | 'cold' | ||
| Latgalian[11] | dyžan | [ˈd̪ɨʒän̪] | 'very much' | See Latgalian phonology | |
| Mongolian[12] | хүчир | [xutʃʰɨɾɘ̆] | 'difficult' | ||
| Muisca | Hycha[13] | hycha | [hɨʂa] | 'I' | |
| Romanian | înot | [ɨˈn̪o̞t̪] | 'I swim' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[14] | ты | [t̪ɨ] | 'you' (singular) | Occurs only after unpalatalized consonants. See Russian phonology | |
| Sahaptin[15] | [kʼsɨt] | 'cold' | Epenthetic. No lengthened equivalent | ||
| Sama | Sibutu[16] | [pɨˈnɨt̪] | 'beard' | ||
| Sema[17] | sü | [ʃɨ̀] | 'to hurt' | Also described as near-close [ɨ̞].[18] | |
| Shipibo[19] | tenaitianronki | [ˈt̪ɨnɐi̞ti̞ɐ̃ɽõ̞ɣi̞] | Possible realization of /ɯ/ after coronal consonants.[19] | ||
| Sirionó[20] | [eˈsɨ] | 'dry wood' | |||
| Swedish | bi | [bɨː] | 'bee' | Found in dialects in Närke and Bohuslän and in sociolects in Stockholm and Gothenburg. See Swedish phonology | |
| Tamil[21] | ஆனால் | [äːnäːlɨ] | 'but' | Epenthetic vowel inserted in colloquial speech after word-final liquids; can be rounded [ʉ] instead.[21] See Tamil phonology | |
| Tera[22] | zu | [zɨ] | 'said' | ||
| Udmurt[23] | ургетэ, ыргетэ[24] | [ɨrgete] | 'it growls' | ||
| Uzbek | qiz | [qɨz] | 'girl' | Allophone of /i/. | |
| Vietnamese | trưa | [ʈɨə˧] | 'noon' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Võro | sysar | [sɨsarʲ] | 'sister' | ||
| Welsh | Northern dialects[25] | llun | [ɬɨːn] | 'picture' | See Welsh phonology |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[26] | nɨ | [nɨ] | 'be sour' | |
The sound of Polish ⟨y⟩ is often represented as /ɨ/, but actually it is a close-mid advanced central unrounded vowel, more narrowly transcribed [ɘ̟].[27] Similarly, European Portuguese unstressed ⟨e⟩, often represented as /ɨ/, is actually a near-close near-back unrounded vowel,[28] more narrowly transcribed using ad hoc symbols such as [ɯ̽] (mid-centralized), [ɯ̟] (fronted) and [ʊ̜] (less rounded i.e. unrounded).
See also
References
- ↑ Flemming, E., Johnson, S. (2007), "Rosa’s roses: reduced vowels in American English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37/1, pp. 83–96.
- ↑ See e.g. Gimson (2014:133), who transcribes the unrounded central realization of the English GOOSE vowel /uː/ with the symbol [ɯ̈ː].
- ↑ Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar".
- ↑ Asyik, Abdul Gani (1982), "The agreement system in Acehnese" (PDF), Mon-Khmer Studies, 11: 1–33, archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2013, retrieved 9 November 2012
- ↑ Al-Ahmadi Al-Harbi, Awwad Ahmad (2003), "Acehnese coda condition: An optimality-theoretic account", Umm Al-Qura University Journal of Educational and Social Sciences and Humanities, 15: 9–21
- ↑ Mid-vowels in Acehnese
- ↑ Lodge (2009:174)
- 1 2 Schuh & Yalwa (1999:90)
- 1 2 3 Ó Sé (2000)
- ↑ "Koshur: Spoken Kashmiri: A Language Course: Transcription". Retrieved 16 January 2016.
- ↑ Nau (2011:9–10)
- ↑ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:62, 66–67)
- ↑ González de Perez (2005:50)
- ↑ Jones & Ward (1969:33)
- ↑ Hargus & Beavert (2002)
- ↑ Allison (1979:198)
- ↑ Teo (2014:28)
- ↑ Teo (2012:368)
- 1 2 Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:283)
- ↑ Firestone (1965:?)
- 1 2 Keane (2004), p. 114.
- ↑ Tench (2007:230)
- ↑ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:64, 68)
- ↑ ургетыны [Udmurt-Russian dictionary] (in Russian)
- ↑ Ball (1984:?)
- ↑ Merrill (2008:109)
- ↑ Jassem (2003:105)
- ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
Bibliography
- Allison, E. Joseph (1979), "The phonology of Sibutu Sama: A language of the southern Philippines" (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics, 3 (2): 63–104
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Ball, Martin J. (1984), "Phonetics for phonology", in Ball, Martin J.; Jones, G.E, Welsh Phonology, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, ISBN 0-7083-0861-9
- Campbell, Lyle; Kaufman, Terrence; Smith-Stark, Thomas C (1986), "Meso-America as a linguistic area", Language, 62 (3): 530–570, doi:10.2307/415477, JSTOR 415477
- Firestone, Homer L. (1965), "Description and classification of Sirionó: A Tupí-Guaraní language.", Janua linguarum, Series Practica (16), London: Mouton & Co
- Gimson, Alfred Charles (2014), Cruttenden, Alan, ed., Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
- Hargus, Sharon; Beavert, Virginia (2002), "Predictable versus Underlying Vocalism in Yakima Sahaptin", International Journal of American Linguistics, 68 (3): 316–340, doi:10.1086/466492
- Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Keane, Elinor (2004), "Tamil", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 111–116, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001549
- Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Nau, Nicole (2011), A short grammar of Latgalian, Munich: Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-86288-055-3
- Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 0-946452-97-0
- Schuh, Russell G.; Yalwa, Lawan D. (1999), "Hausa", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 90–95, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Tench, Paul (2007), "Tera", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 228–234, doi:10.1017/s0025100307002952
- Teo, Amos B. (2012), "Sumi (Sema)", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (03): 365–373, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000254
- Teo, Amos B. (2014), A phonological and phonetic description of Sumi, a Tibeto-Burman language of Nagaland (PDF), Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics, ISBN 978-1-922185-10-5
- Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001), "Shipibo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 281–285, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109
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