Near-close central unrounded vowel
| Near-close central unrounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| ɪ̈ | |
| ɨ̞ | |
| IPA number | 319 415 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) |
ɪ̈ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+026A U+0308 |
| X-SAMPA |
I\ or 1_o |
| Braille |
   |
| Sound | |
 source · help | |
The near-close central unrounded vowel, or near-high central unrounded vowel, is a vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The International Phonetic Alphabet can represent this sound in a number of ways (see the box on the right), but the most common symbols are ⟨ɪ̈⟩ (centralized [ɪ]) and ⟨ɨ̞⟩ (lowered [ɨ]). Other possible transcriptions are ⟨ɪ̠⟩ (retracted [ɪ]) and ⟨ɘ̝⟩ (raised [ɘ]), with the latter symbol being the least common. The X-SAMPA equivalents are, respectively, I\, 1_o, I_- and @\_r.
In many British dictionaries, this vowel has been transcribed ⟨ɪ⟩, which captures its height; in the American tradition it is more often ⟨ɨ⟩, which captures its centrality, or ⟨ᵻ⟩,[1] which captures both. The third edition of the OED adopted an unofficial extension of the IPA, ⟨ᵻ⟩, that is a conflation of ⟨ɪ⟩ and ⟨ɨ⟩, and represents either [ɪ̈] or free variation between [ɪ] and [ə]. It is also used in a number of other publications, for example the well-known Accents of English written by John C. Wells.
The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority in the USA, prefer the terms "high" and "low".
Features
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- Its vowel height is near-close, also known as near-high, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel (high vowel).
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Standard[2] | lig | [lɪ̈χ] | 'light' | Stressed allophone of /ə/. See Afrikaans phonology |
| Many speakers[3] | lug | 'air' | Many speakers merge /œ/ and /ə/ into [ɪ̈], especially in natural speech.[3] See Afrikaans phonology | ||
| Amharic[4] | ሥር | [sɨ̞r] | 'root' | Often transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩. | |
| Berber | Central Atlas Tamazight[5] | [χdɪ̈m] | 'to work' | Epenthetically inserted into consonant clusters before labial and coronal consonants. | |
| Cornish | — | — | |||
| English | Inland Southern American[6] | good | [ɡɪ̈d] | 'good' | Corresponds to [ʊ] in other dialects. See English phonology |
| Southeastern English[7] | May be rounded [ʊ̈] instead;[7] it corresponds to [ʊ] in other dialects. See English phonology | ||||
| London[8][9] | lip | [lɪ̈ʔp] | 'lip' | Possible realization of /ɪ/.[8][9] | |
| South African[10] | [lɪ̈p] | For some speakers it can be equal to [ə]. General and Broad varieties of SAE have an allophonic variation, with [ɪ] ([i] in Broad) occurring near velar and palatal consonants, and [ɪ̈~ə] elsewhere. | |||
| Southern American[11] | Allophone of /ɪ/ before labial consonants, sometimes also in other environments.[11] | ||||
| Irish | Munster[12] | goirt | [ɡɨ̞ɾˠtʲ] | 'salty' | Allophone of /ɪ/ between broad consonants.[12] See Irish phonology |
| Ulster[13] | Allophone of /ɪ/.[13] | ||||
| Mapudungun[14] | müṉa | [mɘ̝ˈn̪ɐ̝] | 'male cousin on father's side' | Unstressed allophone of /ɘ/.[14] | |
| Russian[15] | кожа |  [ˈkʷo̞ʐ̺ɨ̞] | 'skin' | Occurs only after unpalatalized consonants and in unstressed syllables. See Russian phonology | |
| Sema[16] | sü | [ʃɨ̞̀] | 'to hurt' | Also described as close [ɨ].[17] | |
| Tera[18] | vur | [vɨ̞r] | 'to give' | Allophone of /ɨ/ in closed syllables.[18] | |
| Vietnamese | Hanoi dialect | thức | [tʰɨ̞k˧˥] | 'mood' | Allophone of /ɨ/ before /k, ŋ/. See Vietnamese phonology |
| Southern | xin | [s̪ɨ̞n˧˥] | 'to ask for sth' | Allophone of /i/ before /t, n/. See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Welsh | Northern dialects[19] | pump | [pɨ̞mp] | 'five' | Merges with /ɪ/ in southern dialects. See Welsh phonology |
References
- ↑ Pullum & Ladusaw (1996:298)
- ↑ Donaldson (1993:4)
- 1 2 Donaldson (1993:5)
- ↑ Hayward & Hayward (1999:47)
- ↑ Abdel-Massih (1971:15)
- ↑ Wells (1982:534–535)
- 1 2 Lodge (2009:174)
- 1 2 Altendorf & Watt (2004:188–189)
- 1 2 Mott (2012:75)
- ↑ Lass (2002:113–115)
- 1 2 Wells (1982:534)
- 1 2 Ó Sé (2000)
- 1 2 Ní Chasaide (1999:114)
- 1 2 Sadowsky et al. (2013:92)
- ↑ Jones & Ward (1969:38)
- ↑ Teo (2012:368)
- ↑ Teo (2014:28)
- 1 2 Tench (2007:231)
- ↑ Ball (1984:?)
Bibliography
- Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. (1971), A Reference Grammar of Tamazight, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan
- Altendorf, Ulrike; Watt, Dominic (2004), "The dialects in the South of England: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive, A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 181–196, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Ball, Martin J. (1984), "Phonetics for phonology", in Ball, Martin J.; Jones, G.E, Welsh Phonology, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, ISBN 0-7083-0861-9
- Donaldson, Bruce C. (1993), "1. Pronunciation", A Grammar of Afrikaans, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1–35, ISBN 9783110134261
- Hayward, Katrina; Hayward, Richard J. (1999), "Amharic", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 45–50, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend, Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
- Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
- Mott, Brian (2012), "Traditional Cockney and popular London speech", Dialectologia, RACO (Revistes Catalanes amb Accés Obert), 9: 69–94, ISSN 2013-2247
- Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe (1999), "Irish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 111–16, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 0-946452-97-0
- Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Ladusaw, William A. (1996), Phonetic Symbol Guide, Chicago, IL, USA: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 9780226685366
- Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369
- Tench, Paul (2007), "Tera", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 228–234, doi:10.1017/s0025100307002952
- Teo, Amos B. (2012), "Sumi (Sema)", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (03): 365–373, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000254
- Teo, Amos B. (2014), A phonological and phonetic description of Sumi, a Tibeto-Burman language of Nagaland (PDF), Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics, ISBN 978-1-922185-10-5
- Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English 3: Beyond the British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-28541-0
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